. 2008 Jun 1;10(3):154–160. doi: 10.1080/13651820801992567

Table IV. Malignant distal biliary obstruction: Outcome after palliative surgical and endoscopic biliary drainage.

		Diagnosis		Technique		Mortality		Long-term outcome		Survival (months)
Author	Evidence level	Surgical (n)	Endoscopic (n)	Surgical	Endoscopic	Surgical	Endoscopic	Surgical	Endoscopic	Surgical	Endoscopic
								Relief of jaundice
van den Bosch et al., 1994 ⁴⁵	4	n=44	n=63	CJ: n=34	Plastic stents	13.6%	12.7%[NS]	93.2%	95.2% [NS]	Median: 5.5 mo	4.7 mo
retrospective		Cancer of pancreatic head or periampullary region		CD: n=5 CCD: n=5
Nieveen et al., 2003 ⁴⁷,	2b	n=13	n=14	HJ + GJ	Wallstent	0%	0%	hospital readmission		Median: 6.4 mo	3.1 mo
prospective randomized		Peripancreatic cancer						64%	64%	(p = 0.05)
Kuhlmann et al., 2007 ⁴⁶	2b	n=269		HJ + GJ: n=234	—	2.6%	—	9 %-read- — missions related to surgical bypass —		Median: 7.5 mo	—
retrospective		PC: n=227 DCC: n=11 Others: n=31		HJ: n=35
M‘ller et al., 2008 ⁴⁸	2b	n=136		HJ + GJ: n=98	—	4%	—	—	—	Median: 8.3 mo	—
prospective database		PC		HJ: n=17 GJ: n=21

CJ, choledochojejunostomy; CD, choledochoduodenostomy; CCD, cholecystoduodenostomy; PC, pancreatic carcinoma; DCC, distal cholangiocarcinoma; HJ, hepaticojejunostomy;

GJ, gastrojejunostomy.