Table 2.
Lifetime Clinical Characteristics of Subjects With Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) With and Without a Lifetime Substance Use Disorder (SUD)
| Characteristic | BDD With SUD (N = 86) | BDD Without SUD (N = 90) | Statistica | p Value | Effect Sizeb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Previous suicide attempt, N (%) | 33 (38.4) | 17 (18.9) | χ2 = 8.21 | .004 | w = .20 |
| Previous suicide attempt due to BDD, N (%) | 15 (17.4) | 8 (8.9) | χ2 = 2.83 | .09 | w = .18 |
| Psychiatric treatment (individual), N (%) | 76 (88.4) | 76 (84.4) | χ2 = 0.56 | .45 | w = .05 |
| Psychiatric hospitalizations due to BDD, N (%) | 15 (17.4) | 6 (6.7) | χ2 = 4.86 | .03 | w = .18 |
| Days missed from school, mean (± SD) | 65.3 (125.8) | 40.9 (116.6) | F = 1.79 | .18 | d = .20 |
| Days missed from work, mean (± SD) | 58.6 (120.7) | 53.6 (268.8) | F = 0.02 | .88 | d = .02 |
| Dropped out of school permanently due to BDD, N (%) | 12 (14.0) | 8 (8.9) | χ2 = 1.12 | .29 | w = .09 |
| Dropped out of school temporarily due to BDD, N (%) | 13 (15.1) | 11 (12.2) | χ2 = 0.31 | .58 | w = .05 |
| Interference in social functioning due to BDD, mean (± SD)c | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.9) | F = 4.06 | .05 | d = .35 |
| Interference in occupational/academic/role function due to BDD, mean (± SD)c | 3.2 (0.9) | 2.8 (1.1) | F = 6.24 | .01 | d = .40 |
| Lifetime comorbid disorders, N (%) | |||||
| Major depressive disorder | 65 (75.6) | 65 (72.2) | χ2 = 0.26 | .61 | w = .03 |
| Bipolar disorder | 8 (9.3) | 6 (6.7) | χ2 = 0.42 | .52 | w = .08 |
| Any mood disorder | 73 (84.9) | 71 (78.9) | χ2 = 1.06 | .38 | w = .09 |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 25 (29.1) | 33 (36.7) | χ2 = 1.15 | .28 | w = .09 |
| Social phobia | 33 (38.4) | 37 (41.1) | χ2 = 0.14 | .71 | w = .02 |
| Specific phobia | 15 (17.4) | 20 (22.2) | χ2 = 0.64 | .43 | w = .05 |
| Panic disorder | 23 (26.7) | 16 (17.8) | χ2 = 2.05 | .15 | w = .11 |
| Agoraphobia | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.2) | χ2 = 0.29 | .59 | w = .04 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 10 (11.6) | 8 (8.9) | χ2 = 0.36 | .55 | w = .06 |
| Any anxiety disorder | 59 (68.6) | 64 (71.1) | χ2 = 0.13 | .72 | w = .01 |
| Any eating disorderd | 35 (40.7) | 26 (28.9) | χ2 = 2.71 | .10 | w = .12 |
a
χ2 (df = 3) or analysis of variance (df = 1).
b
For tests of the equality of 2 or more distributions over a set of 2 or more categories, Cohen uses the effect size w, where w = .10 is small, w = .30 is medium, and w = .50 is large. For tests of the equality of sets of mean differences between groups, Cohen uses the effect size d, where d = .20 is small, d = .50 is medium, and d = .80 is large.
c
0 = none; 1 = mild, slight interference; 2 = moderate, definite interference; 3 = severe, substantial interference; and 4 = extreme, incapacitating interference.
d
Includes eating disorder not otherwise specified.