Table 3.
Pooled multivariate relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) according to quintiles of energy-adjusted lutein/zeaxanthin intake and other factors1
| Quintile of intake
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P for interaction |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Early AMD | ||||||
| Never (n = 262) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.75, 1.65) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.65) | 0.95 (0.63, 1.44) | 1.07 (0.70, 1.64) | |
| Past or current (n = 397)2 | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.44, 3.00) | 1.08 (0.61, 1.93) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.23) | 1.27 (0.51, 3.16) | 0.66 |
| Neovascular AMD | ||||||
| Never (n = 134)3 | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.39, 1.11) | 0.54 (0.26, 1.13) | 0.91 (0.55, 1.52) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.97) | |
| Past or current (n = 297)4 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.58, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) | 1.04 (0.72, 1.49) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.28) | 0.07 |
| Vitamin C intake | ||||||
| Early AMD | ||||||
| <250 mg/d (n = 339) | 1.00 | 1.31 (0.42, 4.02) | 1.10 (0.57, 2.12) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.28) | 1.20 (0.42, 3.41) | |
| ≥250 mg/d (n = 334) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.65, 1.43) | 1.08 (0.74, 1.58) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.27) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.60) | 0.60 |
| Neovascular AMD | ||||||
| <250 mg/d (n = 232) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.24) | 1.05 (0.70, 1.57) | 0.81 (0.46, 1.44) | |
| ≥250 mg/d (n = 210) | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.45, 1.16) | 0.79 (0.50, 1.25) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.33) | 0.61 (0.38, 0.98) | >0.99 |
| Vitamin E intake | ||||||
| Early AMD | ||||||
| <15 mg/d (n = 312) | 1.00 | 1.59 (0.56, 4.50) | 1.03 (0.68, 1.55) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.45) | 1.53 (0.63, 3.71) | |
| ≥15 mg/d (n = 361) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.55, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.35) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.11) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.27) | 0.21 |
| Neovascular AMD | ||||||
| <15 mg/d (n = 234) | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) | 1.07 (0.71, 1.62) | 1.22 (0.82, 1.83) | 0.74 (0.41, 1.33) | |
| ≥15 mg/d (n = 208) | 1.00 | 0.60 (0.38, 0.94) | 0.64 (0.41, 1.01) | 0.79 (0.52, 1.21) | 0.66 (0.42, 1.03) | 0.57 |
| BMI | ||||||
| Early AMD | ||||||
| <25 kg/m2 (n = 320) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.42, 2.66) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.38) | 0.74 (0.51, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.45, 1.80) | |
| ≥25 kg/m2 (n = 353) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.76, 1.51) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.70) | 1.08 (0.76, 1.55) | 1.33 (0.90, 1.98) | 0.70 |
| Neovascular AMD | ||||||
| <25 kg/m2 (n = 192) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.44, 1.78) | 1.22 (0.30, 4.96) | 1.05 (0.57, 1.94) | 0.95 (0.59, 1.53) | |
| ≥25 kg/m2 (n = 250) | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.34, 1.68) | 0.67 (0.27, 1.64) | 0.94 (0.46, 1.91) | 0.60 (0.39, 0.94) | 0.68 |
1
Adjusted for the same covariates as in Table 2. Analysis was conducted separately in men and women and then pooled. The P value for test for heterogeneity by study (sex) was not significant for any of the P values for test of trend.
2
n = 67 (54 female and 13 male) current smokers.
3
P for trend = 0.04.
4
n = 71 (60 female and 11 male) current smokers. P for trend = 0.75.