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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Aug 11.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2007;4(3):131–140. doi: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2007.12.005

Figure 2. Pro-atherogenic mechanisms of diabetes associated with insulin resistance.

Figure 2

Multiple mechanisms associated with insulin resistance may promote diabetic atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: 1. Secretion of adipokines from adipose tissue (adiponectin, apelin, or leptin), 2. fatty acid binding protein (FABP) aP2 secretion from adipocytes, macrophages (Mϕ) or foam cells, 3. C peptide as a decomposition product of proinsulin, and 4. diabetic hyperlipidemia. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is inversely associated with insulin resistance, non-enzymatically glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and atherosclerosis. IRS-1 = insulin receptor substrate-1, SR-A = scavenger receptor class A