Table 1.

Physical Growth^*

Study	No.	Cocaine Effect	Outcome Measures	Assessment Ages	Tobacco Use	Alcohol Use	Marijuana Use	Selection/ Matching Criteria	Controlled Variables	Other Effects
Azuma and Chasnoff,64 1993	92 + 25 poly 45 -	Both cocaine and polydrug exposed groups had lower OFC	Weight, height, OFC	3 years	R	C Analyzed as single category		All drug users in prenatal care by 15 weeks and in drug treatment
Chasnoff et al,70 1992	106 + 45 poly 81 -	Both cocaine and polydrug exposed had lower OFC than unexposed at all ages measured	Weight, height, OFC	3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months	R	C Analyzed as single category		All drug users in prenatal care by 15 weeks and in drug treatment	Sex, gestational age
Coles et al,71 1999	25 preterm + 32 full term + 22 preterm - 26 full term -	Full-term negatives longer; otherwise, no cocaine effect	Weight, length, OFC	8 weeks corrected for prematurity	R	R	R	Maternal age ≥19, English speaking, singleton or first-born twin, no O2 >28 days, no seizures, no grade III or IV IVH, not breastfed
Hurt et al,79 1995	101 + 118 -	Cocaine associated with lower weight and OFC at all ages	Weight, OFC	6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months	R	R	R	Medicaid, all >34 weeks’ gestation
Jacobson et al,84 1994	86H 48L 330 -	Cocaine exposure associated with faster postnatal weight gain in first 13 months, no effect on length or OFC	Weight, length, OFC	6.5 and 13 months	DC Correlated with faster postnatal weight gain	DC Correlated with both shorter stature and slower postnatal weight gain if mother aged >30	DC	All black, low socioeconomic status, at least 2 prenatal visits, >32 weeks’ gestation	Maternal age, welfare, education, parity, prepregnancy weight, birth weight, height, breastfed, prenatal visits, infant age, sex, gestational age	Breastfeeding associated with faster postpartum growth
Kilbride et al,89 2000	111 + 41 -	No cocaine effect	Weight, length, OFC	2, 12, 24, 36 months	C	C	R	All from same ZIP code, 36 weeks’ gestation, no NICU care, women referred for drug treatment excluded	Placement, gestational age, maternal age and education, OFC at birth, birth weight
Richardson et al,93 1996	28 + 523 -	No cocaine effect	Weight, height, OFC	6 years	DC	DC	DC	All in prenatal care by 5 months of pregnancy	Age, sex, height, ethnicity, current drug/alcohol use

^*Across tables, abbreviations are explained at first mention only. Plus (+) indicates exposed to cocaine; poly, exposed to multiple drugs; minus (-), not exposed to cocaine; OFC, occipitofrontal head circumference; R, reported; C, controlled; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; H, heavier; L, lighter; DC, dose controlled; and NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.