Table 4.
Motor Skills
| Study | No. | Cocaine Effect | Outcome Measures | Assessment Ages | Tobacco Use | Alcohol Use | Marijuana Use | Selection/Matching Criteria | Controlled Variables | Other Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dempsey et al,74 2000 | 40 + 56 - |
No cocaine effect | Neurologic examination | 6 weeks | DC High doses associated with hypertonia | C | C | Birth weight >2000 g, English speaking, maternal age >18, no NICU care | Ethnicity, adequacy of prenatal care, OFC, gestational age, homelessness | |
| Fetters and Tronick,75 1996 | 28 + 22 - |
Higher total risk on the MAI at 7 months, lower mean percentile on AIMS at 7 months | AIMS, MAI, PDMS | 1, 4, 7, and 15 months | C | C | R | Maternal education, maternal age >18, health insurance, ethnicity, birth weight >2000 g, no NICU care | Hobel score, cumulative risk index, child hospitalization and poor health, maternal education, ethnicity | |
| Fetters and Tronick,76 1998 | 28 + 22 - |
No difference on PDMS, significant differences on prone and standing subscores of AIMS and primitive reflex score of MAI at 7 months | AIMS, MAI, PDMS | 1, 4, 7, and 15 months | C | C | R | Maternal education, maternal age >18, health insurance, ethnicity, birth weight >2000 g, no NICU care | ||
| Hurt et al,79 1995 | 101 + 118 - |
No cocaine effect | Tone and reflexes | 6 and 12 months | C | C | C | Medicaid, all >34 weeks’ gestation, cocaine use in at least 2 trimesters | Congenital syphilis, maternal age and education, foster care | |
| Kilbride et al,89 2000 | 111 + 41 - |
No cocaine effect | PDMS | 6, 12, 24, and 36 months | C | C | R | All from same ZIP code, 36 weeks’ gestation, no NICU care, women referred for drug treatment excluded | Placement, gestational age, maternal age and education, OFC at birth, birth weight | |
| Swanson et al,97 1999 | 48 + COC3 72 + COC12 186 - |
Higher full-scale MAI total risk, COC3 associated with less optimal volitional movement than COC12, COC3 at higher risk for neuromotor dysfunction than unexposed but COC12 is not | MAI | 4 months | DC | DC | DC | Maternal age >17, gestational age ≥37 weeks | Prenatal visits, infant sex and age, parity, ethnicity, maternal age and education, marital status, income | Prenatal care decreased association between cocaine exposure and primitive reflexes and volitional movement to nonsignificant |
*
MAI indicates Movement Assessment of Infants; AIMS, Alberta Infant Motor Scales; PDMS, Peabody Development Motor Scales; COC3, cocaine use in third trimester; and COC12, discontinued cocaine use before third trimester.