Table 2.
Changes of extracellular matrix in tendinopathy
| ECM | Tendinopathy | Species | Tendon | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Degenerate tendon | Ruptured tendon | ||||
| Collagen | |||||
| Total | Decrease (protein) | Human | Supraspinatus, subscapularis | Bank et al. [15], Riley et al. [92] | |
| Type I | Increase (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | de Mos et al. [34], Ireland et al. [48] | |
| Decrease (protein) | Human | Posterior tibial | Goncalves-Neto et al. [42] | ||
| Type III | Increase (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | de Mos et al. [34], Ireland et al. [48] | |
| Increase (protein) | Human | Supraspinatus, subscapularis, posterior tibial | Goncalves-Neto et al. [42], Riley et al. [92] | ||
| Increase (protein) | Equine | Superficial digital flexor | Birch et al. [20] | ||
| Increase (protein) | Human | Achilles | Eriksen et al. [35] | ||
| Type III/Type I | Increase (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Ireland et al. [48] | |
| Increase (protein) | Equine | Superficial digital flexor | Birch et al. [20] | ||
| Type V | Increase (protein) | Human | Posterior tibial | Goncalves-Neto et al. [42] | |
| Denatured collagen* | Increase (protein) | Increase (protein) | Human | Achilles, Supraspinatus | de Mos et al. [34], Riley et al. [88] |
| Crosslinks/CTH | |||||
| Pentosidine | Decrease (protein) | Human | Achilles | de Mos et al. [34] | |
| Hydroxylysine | Increase (protein) | Human | Achilles | de Mos et al. [34] | |
| Increase (protein) | Human | Supraspinatus | Bank et al. [15] | ||
| HP | No change (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | de Mos et al. [34] | |
| Increase (protein) | Human | Supraspinatus | Bank et al. [15] | ||
| LP | No change | Human | Achilles | de Mos et al. [34] | |
| Increase (protein) | Human | Supraspinatus | Bank et al. [15] | ||
| Proteoglycans | |||||
| Versican | Decrease (mRNA) | Decrease (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [30] |
| No change (mRNA) | No change (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [29] | |
| V0 | No change (mRNA) | No change (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [30] |
| V1 | Decrease (mRNA) | Decrease (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [30] |
| V2 | Decrease (mRNA) | Decrease (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [30] |
| V3 | Decrease (mRNA) | Decrease (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [30] |
| Aggrecan | Increase (mRNA) | No change (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [29] |
| Increase (mRNA) | Rat | Supraspinatus | Archambault et al. [7] | ||
| Biglycan | Increase (mRNA) | No change (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [29] |
| Decorin | No change (mRNA) | Decrease (mRNA) | Human | Achilles | Corps et al. [29] |
| GAG (staining) | Increase (protein) | Human | Achilles | Maffulli et al. [68] | |
| Sulphated GAG | Increase (protein) | Human | Patellar | Fu et al. [39] | |
| Noncollagen glycoproteins | |||||
| Fibronectin | Increase (protein) | Human | Supraspinatus; Achilles | Lehto et al. [62], Tillander et al. [105] | |
| Tenascin (300-kd isoform) | Increase (protein) | Increase (protein) | Human | Supraspinatus | Riley et al. [90] |
* Using selective proteolysis of denatured collagen by alpha-chymotrypsin as described by Bank et al. [14].
CTH = collagen triple helix; HP = hydroxylysylpyridinoline; LP = lysylpyridinoline; GAG = glycosaminoglycan; V0-3 = Versican splice variants 0–3.