Table 2.
Number (Percent) of Error Types for All Picture Naming Responses in Stages I and II by Participant Group (CWS, CWNS) and Age of Acquisition (Early, Late)
| Children Who Stutter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage I |
Stage II |
|||
| Error Types | Early AoA | Late AoA | Early AoA | Late AoA |
| Semantic | 6(11.3) | 33(35.1) | 7(12.7) | 27(31.8) |
| Blocked | 7(13.2) | 14(14.9) | 3(5.5) | 7(8.2) |
| Fluency | 13(24.5) | 12(12.8) | 7(12.7) | 9(10.6) |
| Phonological | 5(9.4) | 5(15.3) | 6(10.9) | 6(7.1) |
| Determiner | 5(9.4) | 8(8.5) | 1(1.8) | 5(5.9) |
| Technical | 12(22.6) | 13(13.8) | 26(47.3) | 19(22.4) |
| Outliers | 5(9.4) | 9(9.6) | 5(9.1) | 12(14.1) |
| COLUMN TOTAL | 53(18.5) | 94(32.8) | 55(19.2) | 85(29.6) |
|
Children Who Do Not Stutter | ||||
| Semantic | 8(11.6) | 27(30.7) | 8(14.5) | 26(32.1) |
| Blocked | 8(11.6) | 15(17.0) | 6(10.9) | 16(19.8) |
| Fluency | 9(13.0) | 9(10.2) | 4(7.3) | 5(6.2) |
| Phonological | 8(11.6) | 5(5.7) | 8(14.5) | 3(3.7) |
| Determiner | 3(4.3) | 4(4.5) | 2(3.6) | 1(1.2) |
| Technical | 24(34.8) | 20(22.7) | 18(32.7) | 18(22.2) |
| Outliers | 9(13.0) | 8(9.1) | 9(16.4) | 12(14.8) |
| COLUMN TOTAL | 69(23.5) | 88(30.0) | 55(18.8) | 81(27.6) |
Note. CWS = Children who stutter; CWNS = Children who do not stutter; AoA = Age of Acquisition. The percent value (in parentheses) for each error type is calculated per total number of column errors. For each participant group, the percent value (in parentheses) for each column total is calculated per total number of errors.