TABLE 1—
Self-Reported History of Cardiovascular Disease and Characteristics of Study Participants at Enrollment: Baltimore Memory Study, 2001–2002
| MI Only | MI, Stroke, or TIA | MI, stroke, TIA, or IC | |||||
| Entire Cohort, No. (%) | No. (%) | P for trenda | No. (%) | P for trenda | No. (%) | P for trenda | |
| Participants | 1140 (100) | 59 (5) | 102 (9) | 137 (12) | |||
| Age, y | .124 | .006 | .001 | ||||
| 50–55 | 362 (32) | 17 (5) | 28 (8) | 37 (10) | |||
| 55–60 | 295 (26) | 9 (3) | 17 (6) | 27 (9) | |||
| 60–65 | 234 (21) | 15 (6) | 22 (9) | 25 (11) | |||
| 65–70 | 249 (22) | 18 (7) | 35 (14) | 48 (19) | |||
| Gender | .030 | .196 | .831 | ||||
| Women | 749 (66) | 31 (4) | 61 (8) | 91 (12) | |||
| Men | 391 (34) | 28 (7) | 41 (10) | 46 (12) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | .008 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Black | 474 (42) | 29 (6) | 57 (12) | 76 (16) | |||
| White | 597 (52) | 22 (4) | 35 (6) | 49 (8) | |||
| Other | 69 (6) | 8 (12) | 10 (15) | 12 (18) | |||
| Education | .697 | .023 | .002 | ||||
| Less than high school | 154 (14) | 7 (5) | 21 (14) | 30 (19) | |||
| High school or more | 985 (86) | 52 (5) | 81 (8) | 107 (11) | |||
| Current smoker | .625 | .061 | .377 | ||||
| Yes | 242 (21) | 14 (6) | 29 (12) | 104 (12) | |||
| No | 898 (79) | 45 (5) | 73 (8) | 33 (14) | |||
| Hypertensionb | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Yes | 710 (38) | 50 (7) | 84 (12) | 25 (6) | |||
| No | 430 (62) | 9 (2) | 18 (4) | 112 (16) | |||
| Diabetes | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Yes | 200 (18) | 22 (11) | 36 (18) | 90 (10) | |||
| No | 940 (82) | 37 (4) | 66 (7) | 47 (24) | |||
| IADL status | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Disabled | 123 (11) | 16 (13) | 32 (26) | 40 (33) | |||
| Not disabled | 1010 (89) | 43 (4) | 70 (7) | 97 (10) | |||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | .686 | .568 | .499 | ||||
| ≥ 160 | 123 (12) | 7 (6) | 12 (10) | 105 (12) | |||
| < 160 | 887 (88) | 43 (5) | 73 (8) | 12 (10) | |||
| NPH scalec | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 233 (21) | 5 (2) | 6 (3) | 8 (3) | |||
| Quartile 2 | 432 (38) | 18 (4) | 35 (8) | 46 (11) | |||
| Quartile 3 | 225 (20) | 11 (5) | 24 (11) | 34 (15) | |||
| Quartile 4 | 245 (22) | 25 (10) | 37 (15) | 49 (20) | |||
Note. MI = myocardial infarction; TIA = transient ischemic attack; IC = intermittent claudication; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; NPH = neighborhood psychosocial hazards.
aFor variables with more than 2 categories, P is for the χ2 test of differences across row in the percentage reporting the outcome. Otherwise, P is for a 2-tailed test of difference between 2 groups in the proportion reporting each outcome.
bDefined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or more, diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more, or use of antihypertensive medications.
cThe NPH scale comprises 12 indicators of psychosocial hazards in the neighborhood that lead to a heightened sense of threat in residents.20 The observed range on the original scale for quartile 1 (reference) was −19.2 to −7.3; for quartile 2, −7.2 to −1.2; for quartile 3, −1.1 to 7.5; and for quartile 4, 7.6 to 19.0. The frequencies were not equal because the quartile cut points were determined by the observed distribution of NPH scores across neighborhoods, not individuals.