TABLE 1—
Number and Percentage of US Adolescents Working in the Retail or Service Industry Reporting Select Child Labor Law Violations, by Sample Characteristics: 2003
| Night Work Violationsa | Off-the-Clock Work | Hazardous Orders Violationsb | Work Permit Violationsc | |||||
| No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | |
| All | 44 | 11.1 (7.0, 15.2) | 121 | 15.0 (10.8, 19.3) | 297 | 36.8 (31.3, 42.4) | 339 | 39.0 (32.1, 45.8) |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 14–15d | 22 | 39.7 (22.8, 56.6) | 15 | 19.3 (3.6, 35.0) | 17 | 15.9 (7.1, 24.8) | 48 | 36.8 (24.9, 48.7) |
| 16–17e | 22 | 7.7 (3.7, 11.7) | 106 | 14.4 (10.1, 18.7) | 280 | 39.7 (33.6, 45.8) | 291 | 39.3 (31.6, 46.9) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 26 | 15.1 (8.2, 21.9) | 70 | 15.5 (9.9, 21.1) | 192 | 47.6 (39.5, 55.7)f | 168 | 40.7 (31.1, 50.4) |
| Female | 18 | 8.1 (3.2, 13.0) | 51 | 14.6 (8.3, 20.9) | 105 | 26.7 (19.3, 34.0) | 171 | 37.3 (27.5, 47.1) |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 34 | 10.7 (6.1, 15.2) | 105 | 13.8 (9.9, 17.8) | 267 | 38.3 (32.3, 44.2) | 296 | 38.5 (31.3, 45.6) |
| Minority | 10 | 14.6 (3.2, 26.1) | 16 | 21.4 (6.2, 37.7) | 25 | 29.3 (14.6, 43.9) | 38 | 39.7 (18.8, 60.6) |
| Parental education | ||||||||
| High school diploma or less | 10 | 8.6 (1.7, 15.4) | 27 | 12.6 (5.3, 20.0) | 74 | 37.2 (26.1, 48.3) | 90 | 37.2 (23.1, 51.3) |
| Some college | 14 | 15.0 (5.7, 24.3) | 29 | 15.6 (6.7, 24.4) | 74 | 33 (23.6, 42.3) | 84 | 37.0 (22.7, 51.2) |
| College degree | 10 | 9.0 (2.1, 16.0) | 35 | 20.2 (10.3, 30.2) | 88 | 39.3 (29.5, 49.1) | 100 | 37.4 (26.9, 47.9) |
| Graduate school | 10 | 16.1 (4.9, 27.2) | 29 | 12.9 (7.1, 18.6) | 57 | 34.1 (23.7, 44.6) | 62 | 48.0 (36.9, 59.0) |
| Industry | ||||||||
| Service | 17 | 21.5 (8.2, 34.7) | 47 | 12.7 (7.9, 17.4) | . . . | . . . | 116 | 35.2 (25.6, 44.8) |
| Retail | 27 | 9.3 (5.1, 13.4) | 74 | 16.1 (10.3, 21.2) | . . . | . . . | 223 | 40.7 (31.8, 49.6) |
Note. CI = confidence interval. Ellipses indicate no data (the measure of hazardous orders violations was not comparable across industries).
aAmong respondents who reported they worked on a night followed by a school day.
bIncludes those who reported at least 1 hazardous orders violation (i.e., prohibited equipment).
cAmong respondents who were mandated to have a work permit because of their age and the state in which the referent job was held.
dWorked past 7:00 pm on a night followed by a school day.
eWorked past 11:00 pm on a night followed by a school day.
fBecause a different aggregate measure of hazardous orders violations was used in this study, these figures vary from our previous reported findings24 on the percentages of males and females who ever performed a prohibited task.