Figure 2.

(A) Attenuation by i.c.v. OFQ (Upper) and i.p. diazepam (Lower) of urocortin-induced behavioral inhibition (Middle) and effects on spontaneous exploration (Right) in an unfamiliar environment in mice. Note that baseline is lower with multiple injections (i.c.v. combined with i.p. injections). Combinations of OFQ, diazepam, urocortin, or artificial CSF were administered as indicated at the bottom of the bar graphs. Data are means ± SEM (n = 8–16), and statistical significance was determined by a single factor analysis of variance followed by post-hoc Bonferroni tests for multiple comparisons (∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle/vehicle; ++, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle/urocortin 0.06 nmol). (B) Increase in punished responding induced by i.c.v. OFQ in a conflict procedure in mice. Mice were initially tested orally with diazepam (10 mg/kg p.o., 30 min pretreatment) vs, vehicle and were subsequently subdivided into two groups (n = 9/group) receiving either artificial CSF (Left) or 3 nmol OFQ (Right). Data are means ± SEM and statistical significance was determined by a Wilcoxon test for diazepam and a Mann–Whitney test for OFQ (∗, P < 0.05; ∗∗, P < 0.01 vs. the respective vehicle).