Effects of ranolazine (10 µM) on maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential (Vmax) following an abrupt change in basic cycle length (BCL) in a PV sleeve preparation. Upper panel: Recordings of APs and Vmax following a change in BCL from 2000 to 200 ms (A, control; B, Ranolazine) and from 2000 to 170 ms (C, control; D, Ranolazine). Lower panel: Plot of beat to beat changes in Vmax (E, control; F, Ranolazine).