Table 1.
Sample Means and Standard Deviations
| OSCAR Analyses (1993–2004) | Quality Indicator Analyses (1999–2004) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Dependent variables | ||||
| Occupancy (%) | 0.83 | 0.20 | ||
| Percent Medicaid | 0.62 | 0.27 | ||
| RN hours per resident day | 0.51 | 0.79 | ||
| LPN hours per resident day | 0.76 | 0.68 | ||
| NA hours per resident day | 2.05 | 0.83 | ||
| Health-related deficiencies | 6.13 | 6.48 | ||
| G-level (or higher) deficiency | 0.19 | 0.39 | ||
| Depression | 0.13 | 0.13 | ||
| Incontinence | 0.58 | 0.16 | ||
| Catheter | 0.081 | 0.102 | ||
| Urinary tract infection | 0.089 | 0.082 | ||
| Weight loss | 0.12 | 0.10 | ||
| Bedfast | 0.069 | 0.110 | ||
| Activity of daily living decline | 0.17 | 0.11 | ||
| Range of motion decline | 0.083 | 0.082 | ||
| Physical restraint | 0.093 | 0.101 | ||
| Pressure ulcer, high risk | 0.16 | 0.12 | ||
| Pressure ulcer, low risk | 0.036 | 0.073 | ||
| Control variables | ||||
| Government | 0.063 | 0.243 | 0.061 | 0.239 |
| Chain-owned | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.50 |
| Hospital-based | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.084 | 0.28 |
| Activities of daily living (0–5) | 3.78 | 0.61 | 3.81 | 0.59 |
| Beds, 0–49 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.36 |
| Beds, 50–99 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.48 |
| Beds, 100–149 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.46 |
| Beds, 150–199 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.31 |
| Beds, 200+ | 0.077 | 0.267 | 0.078 | 0.268 |
| Herfindahl index | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.23 |
| Medicaid payment rate ($2004) | 110.88 | 26.22 | 120.69 | 25.22 |
| Medicaid case-mix payment | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.47 |
| Number of observations | 194,556 | 383,937 | ||
Notes: The 1993–2004 Online Survey, Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) system consists of roughly one observation per year. The quality indicators are observed quarterly beginning in the first quarter of 1999 through the final quarter of 2004.
RN, registered nurse; LPN, licensed practical nurse; NA, nurse aide.