Table 2.

Modulators of Hsp27 expression and activity

Agent	Effect	References
Angiotensin II	Upregulation	Chen et al. (2004)
Endothelin-1	Upregulation	Kawamura et al. (1999)
Ethanol	Inhibits expression in response to heat shock	Iwaki et al. (1997); Fontaine et al. (2003)
Glutathione	Increased large aggregates	Mehlen et al. (1996a)
Heat shock	Upregulation	Hickey and Weber (1982); Inaguma et al. (1995)
Heavy metals (arsenite and cadmium)	Disassociation of aggregates	Hickey et al. (1986b); Kato et al. (2001)
Hydrogen peroxide	Increased phosphorylation	Gaitanaki et al. (2003)
IL-1α	Enhanced phosphorylation and disassociation	Kato et al. (1994b)
Ischaemia reperfusion	Upregulation	Li et al. (2003); Louapre et al. (2005)
LPS	Increased phosphorylation	Hirano et al. (2004a)
MG132	Enhanced expression, phosphorylation and aggregation	Ito et al. (2002)
Midazolan	Inhibits vasopressin induced increase but enhances arsenic and heat-induced upregulation	Tanabe et al. (2002)
Okadaic acid	Enhanced phosphorylation and disassociation	Kato et al. (1994b)
PDGF-BB	Increased phosphorylation	Takenaka et al. (2004)
PMA	Enhanced phosphorylation and disassociation	Ito et al. (1997b)
Prostaglandins	Upregulationin rat glioma cells	Ito et al. (1997a)
Reactive oxygen species	Upregulation and increased phosphorylation	Mehlen et al. (1995)
Serum	Increased phosphorylation	Mehlen and Arrigo (1994)
Simvastatin	Upregulation in osteoblasts	Wang et al. (2003)
Sodium arsenite	Increased phosphorylation	Crete and Landry (1990); Ito et al. (1997a)
Sphingosine 1-phosphate	Upregulation	Kozawa et al. (1999)
Thrombin	Upregulation and increased phosphorylation	Hirade et al. (2002); Nakajima et al. (2005)
Thyroxine	Upregulation and increased phosphorylation	Pantos et al. (2003a); Pantos et al. (2003b)
TNFα	Phosphorylation and cellular redistribution	Mehlen et al. (1995)
Vasopressin	Upregulation and increased phosphorylation	Kaida et al. (1999); Akamatsu et al. (2004)
γ-Interferon	Downregulation	Yonekura et al. (2003)