Table 2.
Overall and Stratified Crude and Adjusted 30-day Mortality Rate Ratios (MRRs) for Patients With a First-time Hospitalization for Pneumonia, According to Presence or Absence of Heart Failure
| Variable, Stratification Type | (%) | 30-day Mortality (%) | Crude 30-day MRR (95% CI) | Adjusted* 30-day MRR (95% CI) | value Adjusted MRR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No heart failure | 30526 (90.5) | 14.4 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
| Heart failure present | |||||
| Overall | 3210 (9.5) | 24.4 | 1.80 (1.67–1.95) | 1.40 (1.29–1.51) | <0.01 |
| Classified by presence of heart failure related condition† (% of heart failure) | |||||
| Cardiomyopathy | 128 (4.2) | 12.5 | 0.86 (0.53–1.41) | 1.03 (0.63–1.68) | 0.92 |
| Heart valve disease | 340 (10.6) | 26.8 | 1.97 (1.60–2.43) | 1.52 (1.23–1.88) | <0.01 |
| Myocardial infarction | 814 (25.4) | 21.5 | 1.57 (1.35–1.83) | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | 0.04 |
| Atrial fibrillation only | 635 (19.8) | 27.4 | 2.04 (1.75–2.37) | 1.42 (1.22–1.65) | <0.01 |
| None of these recorded | 1293 (40.3) | 25.3 | 1.89 (1.69–2.12) | 1.47 (1.31–1.65) | <0.01 |
| Classified by preadmission heart failure medications (% of heart failure) | |||||
| Thiazide-based regimens | 190 (5.9) | 20.0 | 1.46 (1.06–2.01) | 1.09 (0.79–1.50) | 0.59 |
| Loop-diuretic-based regimens not including digoxin or spironolactone | 1,121 (34.9) | 22.4 | 1.63 (1.44–1.86) | 1.25 (1.10–1.43) | <0.01 |
| Loop-diuretic-based regimens including digoxin, but not spironolactone | 847 (26.4) | 25.6 | 1.89 (1.65–2.17) | 1.35 (1.18–1.55) | <0.01 |
| Loop-diuretic-based regimens including spironolactone | 712 (22.2) | 27.4 | 2.05 (1.78–2.37) | 1.72 (1.49–2.00) | <0.01 |
| Other heart failure drugs only‡ | 162 (5.0) | 21.0 | 1.53 (1.09–2.14) | 1.34 (0.96–1.89) | 0.09 |
| No heart failure drugs | 178 (5.5) | 27.0 | 2.11 (1.59–2.81) | 1.81 (1.36–2.41) | <0.01 |
*Adjusted for sex, age, individual disease categories in the Charlson index (except heart failure), alcoholism-related disorders, antibiotic and immunosuppressive drug use, and period of study
†See ‘Subjects and methods’ for categorization of heart failure related conditions
‡”Other heart failure drugs only” refers to patients with at least one prescription for slow-acting nitrates, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin reuptake blockers, or oral anticoagulants