Table 1.

Baseline Demographic and Metabolic Characteristics^*

		Men n=113	Women HRT − n=47	Women HRT + n=46
Demographics	Age	50.7±6.9^†	54.7±5.3	53.7±5.6

Exercise training	Adherence (%)	88.2±14.6	86.4±10.2	86.4±16.0

Insulin Sensitivity (S_I) (mU/L/min)		2.31±2.00^†	3.25±1.95	3.28±1.69

Cardiorespiratory fitness
	Time to exhaustion (sec)	868±167^†	644±179	615±140
	Absolute Peak VO₂ (ml/min)	2.98±0.52^†	1.90±0.27	1.78±0.24
	Relative Peak VO₂ (ml/kg/min)	31.4±4.9^†	23.7±3.7	23.3±3.6

Regional adiposity
	Visceral adiposity (cm²)	193.6±64.9^†	139.7±53.4	126.7±53.9
	Subcutaneous adiposity (cm²)	284.8±93.7	321.8±105.7	302.0±100.2
	Minimal waist (cm)	101.5±7.3^†	91.3±8.9	87.7±7.2
	Umbilical waist (cm)	106.2±7.9^†	102.0±11.4	98.7±9.5

General adiposity
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	30.1±2.8	30.2±3.2	28.8±2.9^**
	Lean body mass (kg)	67.3±7.8^†	49.7±6.1	47.9±6.3

Serum lipoproteins
	LDL particle concentration (nmol/L)	1431±1	1315±1	1371±1
	LDL particle size (nm)	20.4±1.0^†	21.2±1.1	21.2±1.0
	HDL- cholesterol (mmol/L)	37.4±1.3^†	48.3±1.3	54.7±1.3
	Triglyceride (mmol/L)	158.2±1.7^†	112.3±1.6	114.4±1.6

Skeletal muscle parameter
	Capillary density (endothelial cells:fiber)	1.63±1.26	1.52±1.19	1.41±1.17^**
	Capillary density (#/mm²)	345.0±1.1	319.7±1.2	298.0±1.2^**
	Fiber area (μm²)	4557.5±1.1^†	3707.0±1.1	3539.9±1.1
	Citrate synthase activity (μmol/min/μg)	0.20±1.9	0.17±2.5	0.21±1.8

Means ± standard deviations presented; for those without normal distributions, geometric means and standard deviations are presented.

Exercise training adherence = Completed/prescribed miles per week*100

^†

Differs from other groups with Tukey’s post-hoc testing p<0.05

^**

Differs from men with Tukey’s post-hoc testing p<0.05