Table 1.
Demographic, lifestyle, clinical, and dietary characteristics of 5,011 participants in MESA stratified by type 2 diabetes status
| Free of type 2 diabetes through follow-up | Type 2 diabetes diagnosed at one of three follow-up exams | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 4,598 | 413 | |
| Age (years) | 61.7 ± 0.2 | 61.5 ± 0.5 | 0.69 |
| Sex (% male) | 47.3 | 49.4 | 0.41 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | ||
| White | 44.4 | 33.2 | |
| Black | 19.6 | 27.6 | |
| Hispanic | 23.7 | 27.9 | |
| Chinese | 12.3 | 11.4 | |
| High school degree (%) | 85.0 | 79.9 | 0.006 |
| Active leisure activity (MET min/week) | 2,522 ± 45 | 2,345 ± 151 | 0.26 |
| Inactive leisure activity (MET min/week) | 1,664 ± 16 | 1,815 ± 55 | 0.008 |
| Current smokers (%) | 14.3 | 13.8 | 0.79 |
| Weekly supplement use (%) | 58.3 | 56.4 | 0.54 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 0.1 | 31.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.1 ± 0.2 | 106 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125 ± 0.3 | 130 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol | 118 ± 0.5 | 117 ± 2 | 0.52 |
| HDL cholesterol | 52.1 ± 0.2 | 46.6 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 125 ± 1 | 149 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (mg/dl) | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 9.7 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 88.3 ± 0.1 | 103 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal) | 1,676 ± 11 | 1,802 ± 38 | 0.001 |
| Protein (% of total kcal) | 16 ± 0.1 | 16 ± 0.2 | 0.49 |
| Total fat (% of total kcal) | 34 ± 0.1 | 35 ± 0.3 | 0.01 |
| Saturated fat (% of total kcal) | 11 ± 0.04 | 11 ± 0.1 | 0.44 |
| Monounsaturated fat (% of total kcal) | 12 ± 0.04 | 13 ± 0.1 | 0.01 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% of total kcal) | 7.7 ± 0.03 | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 0.07 |
| Carbohydrate (% of total kcal) | 50 ± 0.1 | 49 ± 0.4 | 0.06 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 18 ± 0.1 | 18 ± 0.3 | 0.36 |
| Whole grains (servings/day) | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Vegetables (servings/day)* | 2.3 ± 0.02 | 2.2 ± 0.07 | 0.25 |
| Nuts/seeds (servings/day) | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Low-fat dairy (servings/day) | 0.79 ± 0.02 | 0.68 ± 0.05 | 0.07 |
| Coffee (servings/day) | 1.2 ± 0.02 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.17 |
| Red meat (servings/day) | 0.38 ± 0.004 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.22 |
| Processed meat (servings/day) | 0.17 ± 0.004 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.34 |
| High-fat dairy (servings/day)† | 0.50 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.05 |
| White potatoes (servings/day)‡ | 0.20 ± 0.003 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.84 |
| Regular soda (servings/day)§ | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.22 |
Data are means ± SE. Except for total energy intake, dietary variables are adjusted for energy intake (kcal/day). P for difference by F test from linear regression (continuous variables) or χ2 (categorical variables).
Vegetables include green leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, dark-yellow vegetables, other vegetables, and tomatoes (food groups used in the principal components analyses were combined).
High-fat dairy combines whole milk and high-fat cheese/cream sauces (food groups used in the principal components analyses were combined).
White potatoes include white potatoes (baked, boiled, or mashed) and fried potatoes (food groups used in the principal components analyses were combined).
Regular soda includes nondiet soda, sweetened mineral water, and nonalcoholic beer (participant response to single question listing these three beverages).