Table 1.

Clinical characteristics according to progression of CAN

	Progressor	Nonprogressor	P value
n	270	513
Age (years)	53.2 ± 9.7	48.8 ± 9.8	<0.001
Sex (male/female)	105/165	215/298	0.170
Duration (years)	8.30 ± 6.9	6.27 ± 5.7	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	25.1 ± 3.6	24.7 ± 3.2	0.195
Hypertension	124 (45.9)	183 (35.7)	0.005
Smoking	55 (20.3)	74 (14.4)	0.045
Retinopathy at baseline	97 (35.9)	101 (19.7)	<0.001
Nephropathy at baseline			0.004
Normal	199 (73.7)	426 (83.0)
Microalbuminuria	55 (20.4)	74 (14.4)
Overt proteinuria	16 (5.9)	13 (2.6)
Diabetes treatment			0.773
Diet and exercise	13 (4.8)	22 (4.3)
Oral agents	150 (55.6)	289 (56.3)
Insulin	43 (15.9)	86 (16.8)
Insulin + oral agents	64 (23.7)	116 (22.6)
Baseline
FPG (mmol/l)	9.52 ± 4.2	8.76 ± 3.0	0.004
Creatinine (μmol/l)	72 ± 22	72 ± 18	0.972
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.73 ± 0.9	4.74 ± 1.2	0.827
Triglyceride (mmol/l)	1.54 (0.54–8.24)	1.50 (0.41–8.64)	0.995
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	10.6 (0.44–1.78)	1.09 (0.47–2.12)	0.110
A1C (%)	8.88 ± 2.0	8.39 ± 1.9	0.001
Postprandial glucose (mmol/l)	16.2 ± 5.6	15.1 ± 5.3	0.010
Microalbuminuria (μg/min)	12.4 (0.5–2634)	10.0 (0.5–2398)	0.002
Follow-up
FPG (mmol/l)	8.55 ± 3.1	8.34 ± 2.8	0.331
Creatinine (μmol/l)	90 ± 65	81 ± 21	0.006
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.71 ± 1.0	4.62 ± 0.8	0.200
Triglyceride (mmol/l)	1.42 (0.34–9.15)	1.40 (0.32–8.03)	0.911
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.14 (0.34–2.79)	1.14 (0.59–2.43)	0.624
A1C (%)	8.33 ± 1.7	8.03 ± 1.6	0.017
Postprandial glucose (mmol/l)	14.4 ± 4.8	13.6 ± 4.9	0.024
Microalbuminuria (μg/min)	17.3 (0.5–3620)	13.9 (5301.8)	0.004
Mean A1C (%)	8.4 ± 1.4	7.9 ± 1.3	<0.001

Data are means ± SD, n (%), or median (range). P < 0.05 was considered significant. FPG, fasting plasma glucose.