TABLE 4—
Correlates of Rearrest on All Charges/Drug Charges, Drug Dealing, and Heavy Use of Hard Drugs: Adult Women, New York City, 1997–2002
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rearrested on Any Chargea | Rearrested on Drug Chargesb | Reported Drug Dealingc | Heavy Use of Hard Drugsd | |
| Hispanic (vs not) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.33) | 0.91 (0.44, 1.89) | 1.06 (0.50, 2.25) | 1.20 (0.64, 2.27) |
| No. of previous arrests | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04)* | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
| Experienced homelessness | 2.70 (1.54, 4.70)*** | 1.76 (0.95, 3.27) | 0.72 (0.36, 1.44) | 1.99 (1.07, 3.70)* |
| Have child at home | 0.62 (0.30, 1.26) | 0.29 (0.09, 0.95)* | 0.27 (0.07, .99)* | 1.28 (0.60, 2.76) |
| Have had some jobs, formal or Informal | 1.25 (0.64, 2.42) | 1.41 (0.66, 3.01) | 1.18 (0.50, 2.79) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.93)* |
| Weekly salary (increments of $100, up to $500) | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99)* | 0.69 (0.49, 0.97)* | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) |
| Have income or benefits from government sources | 1.23 (0.68, 2.22) | 1.09 (0.56, 2.13) | 2.00 (0.96, 4.17) | 0.92 (0.48, 1.78) |
| Have income from illegal activity | 4.76 (2.49, 9.10)*** | NA | NA | 2.06 (1.08, 3.94)* |
| Substance abuse | ||||
| Used coke, crack, or heroin prior to index arrest | 2.00 (0.61, 6.64) | 0.91 (0.22, 3.73) | 3.32 (0.37, 29.51) | 21.08 (2.26, 196.66)* |
| Reported some drug- or alcohol-related physical problems since release | 0.38 (0.16, .90)* | 0.36 (0.13,0.98) | 0.92 (0.34, 2.49) | NA |
| Reported some drug- or alcohol- related social problems since release | 2.44 (1.16, 5.12)* | 1.71 (0.71, 4.09) | 1.60 (0.65, 3.92) | NA |
| Used coke, crack, or heroin since release | 0.85 (0.41, 1.75) | 0.94 (0.39, 2.24) | 1.11 (0.46, 2.69) | NA |
| Used marijuana since release | 1.05 (0.50, 2.18) | 1.25 (0.52, 2.98) | 1.13 (0.46, 2.76) | 3.95 (1.93, 8.08)*** |
| No. of occasions having ≥5 drinks in 3-mo period since release | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14)* |
| Health/trauma | ||||
| Reported physical health problems (other than STIs) prior to index arrest | 1.08 (0.54, 2.17) | 1.83 (0.73, 4.55) | 1.35 (0.51, 3.57) | 1.77 (0.76, 4.16) |
| Reported STIs prior to index arrest | 1.05 (0.51, 2.16) | 0.85 (0.38, 1.92) | 0.62 (0.25, 1.53) | 0.62 (0.26, 1.47) |
| Reported mental health problems prior to index arrest | 0.97 (0.54, 1.72) | 1.22 (0.63, 2.37) | 0.98 (0.47, 2.05) | 1.47 (0.77, 2.79) |
| Physically or sexually abused prior to index arrest | 1.22 (0.70, 2.11) | 1.21 (0.62, 2.36) | 1.12 (0.55, 2.29) | 0.81 (0.44, 1.49) |
| Reported physical health problems (other than STIs) since release | 0.90 (0.43, 1.88) | 0.81 (0.34, 1.98) | 1.15 (0.45, 2.91) | 1.69 (0.73, 3.92) |
| Reported STIs since release | 2.05 (0.86, 4.91) | 3.44 (1.43, 8.29)** | 2.98 (1.23, 7.24)* | 0.83 (0.32, 2.15) |
| Reported mental health problems since release | 1.14 (0.63, 2.06) | 0.68 (0.34, 1.34) | 0.57 (0.27, 1.24) | 0.72 (0.38, 1.38) |
| Has had health insurance since release | 0.19 (0.10, .34)*** | 0.33 (0.17, 0.65)*** | 0.44 (0.21, 0.91)* | 1.01 (0.55, 1.98) |
| Have needed health care since release and been unable to obtain it | 0.95 (0.45, 2.01) | 2.37 (1.10, 5.10)* | 1.96 (0.86, 4.45) | 1.97 (0.90, 4.32) |
| Raped since released | 3.48 (0.90, 13.43) | 2.92 (0.82, 10.35) | 2.15 (0.59, 7.83) | 1.87 (0.54, 6.47) |
| Been hit or slapped since release | 0.87 (0.42, 1.81) | 1.25 (0.57, 2.74) | 1.10 (0.47, 2.58) | 1.39 (0.66, 2.96) |
| Social support | ||||
| Had close relationship since release | 0.86 (0.40, 1.85) | 0.54 (0.25, 1.18) | 0.73 (0.32, 1.67) | 0.58 (0.27, 1.28) |
| Frequency of family support since release | ||||
| Almost always | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Never/rarely | 1.67 (0.78, 3.57) | 2.14 (0.95, 4.85) | 2.47 (1.02, 5.98) | 0.50 (0.22, 1.18) |
| Some of the time | 1.43 (0.75, 2.74) | 1.55 (0.72, 3.27) | 1.59 (0.70, 3.62) | 0.87 (0.41, 1.83) |
| Live with someone who abuses drugs or alcohol | 0.92 (0.44, 1.92) | 0.68 (0.26, 1.79) | 1.12 (0.45, 2.81) | 2.74 (1.24, 6.04)** |
| Close contacts who work regularly or attend school | ||||
| None | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Many | 1.73 (0.81, 3.67) | 1.11 (0.47, 2.60) | 1.34 (0.52, 3.45) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.92)* |
| A few | 1.42 (0.68, 2.91) | 0.78 (0.33, 1.81) | 1.47 (0.60, 3.60) | 0.79 (0.37, 1.67) |
| Have experienced serious problems getting along with others since release | 0.71 (0.41, 1.24) | 1.26 (0.66, 2.40) | 1.53 (0.76, 3.05) | 1.47 (0.78, 2.79) |
| Service participation (since release) | ||||
| Eligible for additional Health Link support | 0.96 (0.58, 1.57) | 0.80 (0.45, 1.42) | 0.56 (0.30, 1.05) | 0.79 (0.45, 1.37) |
| Received education/training | 1.50 (0.83, 2.71) | 1.07 (0.53, 2.16) | 0.92 (0.42, 1.99) | 0.30 (0.14, 0.63)*** |
| Received drug treatment | 0.95 (0.52, 1.73) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.43) | 0.84 (0.39, 1.79) | 3.35 (1.70, 6.64)*** |
| Participated in self-help programs | 0.60 (0.33, 1.10) | 1.55 (0.76, 3.17) | 1.03 (0.48, 2.20) | 0.25 (0.13, 0.48)*** |
| Had mental health/counseling services since release | 1.47 (0.78, 2.76) | 2.40 (1.17, 4.94)* | 0.93 (0.42, 2.07) | 0.70 (0.35, 1.44) |
| Statistics | ||||
| Omnibus test of model coefficients, χ2 (P) | 162.04 (.00) | 108.49 (.00) | 61.05 (.01) | 182.99 (.00) |
| Nagelkerke R2 | .42 | .35 | .23 | .49 |
Note. NA = not applicable; STI = sexually transmitted infection.
aRate of rearrest on any charge was 39% for adult women.
bRate of rearrest of drug changes was 20% for adult women.
cRate of reported drug dealing was 14% for adult women.
dRate of heavy use of hard drugs was 28% for adult women.
*P ≤.05; **P ≤.01; ***P ≤.001.