Fig. 3.

Measurement techniques for assessment of spinal balance and spinopelvic parameters. Figure left: PI pelvic incidence, PT pelvic tilt, SS sacral slope, LSL lumbosacral lordosis L1-S1, LL lumbar lordosis L1-L5, TLA thoracolumbar junction angle T10–L2, TK thoracic kyphosis T4–T12. Figure right: SB T4–L4/S1 sagittal balance w/plumb line from T4 to reference point at center of L4 and posterior corner of S1, respectively. HA hip axis, PR pelvis radius, PR–S1 pelvic morphology, PRT12–L5 lumbopelvic lordosis according to pelvis radius technique [35]