NS-gEnull vaccination protects against flank challenge with 105 PFU HSV-1(NS). (A to C) Mice were monitored for survival, inoculation site disease, and zosteriform disease (P = 0.003 in panel A for comparison of each vaccinated group with mock-vaccinated mice; P < 0.001 in panels B and C for comparison of these groups). There were five mice in each group. (D) Skin titers after challenge of mice vaccinated with 5 × 105 PFU of NS-gEnull or mock vaccinated (P > 0.05 on day 1; P = 0.02 on day 3; P > 0.05 on day 6). Three mice were included for each data point. (E) Immunohistochemistry of skin for HSV-1 antigens (arrows). (F) Viral titers in DRG of mice vaccinated with 5 × 105 PFU or mock vaccinated (P = 0.02 on days 3 and 6; P = 0.4 on day 8). There were three mice in each group. (G) HSV-1 viral DNA copies per 5 × 105 copies of adipsin within the DRG of challenged mice (P = 0.03 on day 3; P = 0.02 on day 6; P = 0.4 on day 8). The asterisk indicates the average log10 copy number including an outlier of 104 PFU, possibly due to contamination, on day 1 (P = 0.48 with the day 1 outlier; P = 0.42 without the outlier). There were three mice in each group. Data points in panels B, C, D, F, and G are means ± SEMs. LOD refers to the limit of detection for the assay, which was 20 PFU.