Table 1.
Subject characteristics
| Variable |
Women (n = 33) |
Men (n = 40)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | |
| Age, yr | 54.0±5.6 | 50.9±6.4* | ||
| Race | ||||
| Caucasian | 27 (82) | 33 (83) | ||
| African-American | 5 (15) | 5 (13) | ||
| Other | 1 (3) | 2 (5) | ||
| Body mass, kg | 77.2±10.6 | −0.8±2.5 | 94.4±10.8* | −2.4±2.5*† |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.8±2.8 | −0.3±1.0† | 30.4±2.5 | −0.8±0.8*† |
| Exercise group | ||||
| Low amount/moderate intensity | 10 (30) | 8 (20) | ||
| Low amount/vigorous intensity | 13 (39) | 16 (40) | ||
| High amount/high intensity | 10 (30) | 16 (40) | ||
| Adherence, % | 90.8±10.4 | 89.9±11.0 | ||
| Relative peak V̇o2, ml·kg−1·min−1 | 23.9±3.6 | 2.3±1.9† | 32.8±3.8* | 4.4±3.4*† |
| HDL, mg/dl | 60.7±15.5 | 0.4±6.4 | 40.8±9.4* | 1.9±5.2† |
| LDL, mg/dl | 129.5±22.2 | 0.0±14.1 | 119.4±20.2* | −0.2±18.9 |
| HDL size, nm | 9.14±0.37 | −0.01±0.11 | 8.74±0.22* | 0.02±0.19 |
| LDL size, nm | 21.25±0.63 | 0.00±0.37 | 20.45±0.70* | 0.13±0.42 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 130.9±71.6 | −9.5±54.2 | 156.4±67.7 | −21.1±55.8† |
| Thigh IMAT, cm2 | 9.77±4.45 | −0.55±1.34† | 7.55±3.25* | −0.55±1.28† |
| Thigh SAT, cm2 | 124.71±34.84 | −5.59±11.49† | 65.82±18.10* | −3.96±7.53† |
| VAT, cm2 | 141.60±60.12 | −2.71±27.93 | 204.89±60.93* | −23.3±34.68*† |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 95.0±11.7 | 0.2±8.4 | 95.4±8.3 | −0.3±8.5 |
| Fasting insulin, μU/ml | 8.3±4.7 | −1.6±2.9† | 11.4±9.3 | −1.6±5.1 |
| SI, mU·L−1·min−1 | 3.8±1.8 | 0.9±2.8 | 2.5±1.9* | 1.2±1.4† |
Values are given as means ± SD and frequency (%). Baseline SI given as geometric mean ± geometric SD, as distribution was not normal. Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding. BMI, body mass index; IMAT, intermuscular adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SI, insulin sensitivity index derived from iv glucose tolerance test with minimal-model analysis (12). Adherence was calculated as the number of minutes of exercise at the appropriate intensity divided by the prescribed number of minutes. Proportions of self-identified race and exercise group by sex were compared using χ2 tests of association. Significance of within- and between-sex differences was otherwise assessed with two-tailed t-tests.
Significant sex difference at P < 0.05;
significant within-sex change with training at P < 0.05.