. 2008 May 7;6(2):39–72. doi: 10.3390/md20080004

Table 4.

Overview of azaspiracid cytotoxicity.

Cell type	Cell line	Source	Cytotoxic	EC₅₀ (nM) ^a	Method of analysis ^b	Ref.
B lymphocyte	Raji	human	yes	1.6 *	MTT	83
breast cancer	MCF-7	human	yes	> 1 *	DNA content; cell number	85
Colon adrenocarcinoma	Caco-2	human	no	nd	DNA content	85
Colon adrenocarcinoma	Caco-2	human	no	nd	Alamar blue	31, 86
Embryonic kidney	HEK-293	human	yes	4.6 *	MTT	83
Hepatoblastoma	HepG2	human	yes	unknown	MTT	69, 80, 82
Lung epithelial	A547	human	yes	1.5 *	MTT	83
Monocyte	THP-1	human	yes	2.4 *	MTT	83
Neuroblastoma	BE(2)-M17	human	yes	n.d.	morphological	76
T lymphocyte	Jurkat E6-1	human	yes	1.1	G6PH	78
T lymphocyte	Jurkat E6-1	human	yes	3.5	MTT	83
Bladder carcinoma	ECV-304	human	yes	unknown	MTT	69, 80, 82
cerebellar granule cells	primary	mouse	yes	0.87	MTT	87
cerebellar granule cells	primary	mouse	yes	n.d.	LDH	87
Neuroblastoma	Neuro-2A	mouse	yes	2.3 *	MTT	83
Skin fibroblasts	primary	mouse	yes	> 10	DNA content	85
Spinal cord neurons	primary	mouse	yes	n.d.	Action potentials	88
Pituitary epithelial	GH₄C1	rat	yes	16.8	MTT	83

Effective concentration that results in 50% cell death at 24 h. Values designated with an asterisk (*) are EC₅₀ values at 48 h. Note: nd = values not determined and “unknown” indicates cytotoxicity induced by crude mussel extracts.

MTT, MTS, and Alamar blue are mitochondrial enzyme-dependent viability assays. G6PH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and LDH (lactose dehydrogenase) assays are based on the release of these cytosolic enzymes from intact cells.