IL-17–producing cells can develop from UCB T cells in the presence of IL-1β plus IL-23. CD4+ T cells purified from UCB were stimulated for 7 d with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAb in the presence or absence of the indicated cytokines. (A) RORγt, T-bet, IL-23R, CD161, and IL-17 mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Bars represent mean values ± SE obtained from 13 donors. (B) Cells were also assessed by flow cytometry for their ability to produce IFN-γ alone (black bars), IL-17 alone (gray bars), or both (white bars) after stimulation with PMA plus ionomycin. Bars represent mean values ± SE obtained from 13 donors. (C) Representative flow cytometric analysis on UCB CD4+ T cells after stimulation with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAb, in the presence or absence of the indicated cytokines, performed after 1 wk (top) or 2 wk (bottom) of in vitro expansion. p-values refer to the comparison between cultures performed in the presence of the indicated cytokines versus those performed in the presence of medium alone. Percentages of gated cells are shown.