Table 2.

Kernel utility across age groups

	Infants	Children	Teens	Adults
Verbal praise	*	*	*	*
Peer-to-peer written praise—“tootle” notes, compliments books/praise notes	NA	*	*	*
Beat the timer or beat the buzzer	*	*	*	*
Mystery motivators/grab bag/prize bowl/game of life	P	*	*	*
Public posting (graphing) of feedback of a targeted behavior	NA	*	*	*
Principal lottery	NA	*	*
Safety or performance lottery	NA	*	*	*
Contingent music	*	*	*	*
Team competition	NA	*	*	*
Special play	*	*
Choral responding	*	*	P	P
Mystery shopper	NA		P	P
Peer-to-peer tutoring	NA	*	*	*
Computer action game	P	*	*	*
Correspondence training, “Say-Do”	NA	*	*	P
Correspondence training, “Do-Say”	NA	*	*	P
Time out	*	*
Sit and watch, contingent observation, or response lock out	*	*	*	*
Taxation on consumptive behaviors	NA	NA	*	*
Positive note home for inhibition	NA	*	*
Timed rewards for inhibition (DRO)	*	*	*	*
Premack principle	*	*	*	*
Response-cost (point loss)	P	*	*	*
Low emotion or “private” reprimands	*	*	*	*
Stop clock	NA	*	*	*
Law enforcement fine or citation	NA	NA	*	*
Over-correction or positive practice	*	*	*	*
“Buzzer/noise training”	P	*	*
Non-verbal transition cues	*	*	*	*
Stop lights in school settings or traffic settings	NA	*	*	*
Boundary cues and railings	*	*	*	*
Cooperative, structured peer play	P	*	*
Self-modeling	P	*	*	*
Self-monitoring	NA	*	*	*
Paragraph shrinking	NA	*	*	P
Errorless discrimination training	*	*	*	*
Adjectival noun for belonging to status group	P	*	*	*
Public commitment	NA	*	*	*
“US” and “THEM” role framing	P	*	*	*
Graphic/node maps	NA	*	*	*
MI	NA	P	*	*
Media associating behavior with “immediate” negative social outcomes	NA	P	*	*
Pleasant greeting with or without positive physical touch	*	*	*	*
Massage, brushing or stroking	*	*	*	*
Turtle technique	P	*	NA	NA
Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation or increased fish consumption	*	*	*	*
Zinc supplementation or dietary consumption	P	*	*	*
“Rough and tumble” free play/martial arts with higher status conspecific	NA	*	*	*
Aerobic play or behavior	P	*	*	*
Nasal breathing	P	*	*	*
Progressive muscle relaxation	NA	*	*	*

NA, not applicable; *, experimental evidence; P, predicted utility