Table 4.

Cognitive Measures in FE, UHR, BS, and PCo Subgroups and Between-Group Comparisons (N = 185)

	FE (n = 43)		UHR (n = 69)		BS (n = 24)		PCo (n = 49)		F
Measure	Mean (SD)	t	Mean (SD)	t	Mean (SD)	t	Mean (SD)	t
Verbal IQ	98.6 (9.9)	0.033	99.8 (11.3)	<0.001	101.9 (10.9)	NS	101.9 (10.9)	NS	NS
Letter-Number Span	12.5 (4.0)	<0.001	12.8 (3.7)	<0.001	14.8 (2.8)	<0.001	14.3 (3.3)	<0.001	0.013a
TMT B	71.6 (37.3)	0.004	67.7 (32.5)	0.001	71.5 (27.7)	0.006	67.9 (32.9)	0.009	NS
TMT B/A	42.1 (26.7)	0.003	38.0 (26.1)	0.008	39.1 (26.3)	0.072	41.1 (28.9)	0.01	NS
Letter fluency (S)	10.5 (4.7)	<0.001	12.2 (4.8)	<0.001	13.4 (4.6)	0.001	12.6 (4.5)	<0.001	NS
Letter fluency (P)	7.1 (4.0)	<0.001	9.5 (3.9)	<0.001	9.4 (2.4)	<0.001	9.3 (3.6)	<0.001	0.013b
Category fluency (animals)	16.4 (5.7)	<0.001	18.9 (5.3)	<0.001	19.5 (4.1)	<0.001	19.3 (6.5)	<0.001	NS
Category fluency (professional groups)	12.1 (4.9)	<0.001	13.4 (4.6)	<0.001	14.7 (4.8)	0.005	14.1 (4.7)	<0.001	NS
WCST perseverative errors	5.8 (2.4)	<0.001	5.7 (2.3)	<0.001	5.4 (1.4)	<0.001	5.4 (2.0)	<0.001	NS
WCST categories completed	4.1 (2.6)	0.039	4.1 (1.1)	<0.001	4.4 (0.8)	0.001	4.2 (1.1)	<0.001	NS
Verbal memory immediate recall	45.6 (18.5)	<0.001	51.8 (14.1)	0.005	53.8 (10.2)	NS	53.7 (11.7)	NS	0.040c
Verbal memory delayed recall	9.4 (4.7)	<0.001	10.8 (3.4)	<0.001	11.3 (3.6)	0.026	12.0 (3.3)	NS	0.015d
Sustained attention commission errors	3.4 (8.6)	0.047	2.6 (7.2)	0.027	0.6 (1.0)	NS	0.8 (2.0)	NS	NS
Sustained attention omission errors	1.2 (1.7)	0.021	1.6 (2.0)	<0.001	0.7 (0.9)	NS	1.0 (1.6)	NS	NS
Alertness (median)	248.6 (111.0)	NS	239.7 (137.5)	NS	236.5 (30.3)	NS	211.1 (43.7)	NS	NS

Note: Abbreviations are explained in the footnote to table 1. t: 1-sample t tests against normative values, only levels of significance are indicated in this table; F: analysis of variance over all study groups, only levels of significance are indicated in this table; SD, standard deviation; TMT, Trail-Making Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The following footnotes are post hoc comparisons.

^aFE: vs BS 0.010, vs PCo 0.019; UHR: vs BS 0.020, vs PCo 0.038.

^bFE: vs UHR 0.002, vs BS 0.020, vs PCo 0.009.

^cFE: vs UHR 0.031, vs BS 0.028, vs PCo 0.010.

^dFE: vs BS 0.050, vs PCo 0.002.