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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mech Ageing Dev. 2008 Mar 13;129(7-8):366–382. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.03.001

Fig 2. DNA glycosylases.

Fig 2

Relationship between damaged bases, DNA structure and recognition by specific DNA glycosylases. While each DNA glycosylase has a limited substrate repertoire, there is redundancy in damage recognition among the DNA glycosylases. Damaged bases, deaminated, alkylated or oxidized, are shown in double-stranded DNA, bubble DNA or newly replicated DNA in conjunction with the DNA glycosylases that recognize the damaged base in the particular DNA structure. DNA glycosylases are shown in blue with arrows to the damaged base(s) recognized. Modified bases shown are in red and include U=uracil, X=xanthine, HX=hypoxanthine, 3-meA=3-methyladenine, 7-meG=7 methylguanine, Tg=thymine glycol, foU=5-formyl uracil, 8-oxG=8-oxoguanine; Sp=spiroiminodihydantoin, Gh=guanidinohydantoin, Oa=oxaluric acid, Oz=oxazolone, Ca=cyanuric acid, FapyG=formamidopyrimidine derivative of guanine; FapyA=formamidopyrimidine derivative of adenine, 5oU=5 hydroxy uracil, fluorU= 5 fluorouracil, 5-meCpG= 5-methyl cytosine in the CpG context. The cytosine to uracil and 5-methyl cytosine to thymine reactions catalyzed by activation induced cytosine deaminase, AID, are shown in grey (Bransteitter et al., 2006).

Selected references for the glycosylase repair of mispairs include: G/U, (Akbari et al., 2004; Barrett et al., 1998), CpG/GpU, (Krokan et al., 2002); X/C, HX/T, 3meA/T, 7meG/C, (Chakravarti et al., 1991; Engelward et al., 1997); G/Tg, (Bandaru et al., 2002; Ikeda et al., 1998; Marenstein et al., 2003; Yoon et al., 2003); Tg/A, (Dianov et al., 2001; Hazra et al., 2002b; Marenstein et al., 2003; Rosenquist et al., 2003); foU/G, (Liu et al., 2003); foU/A, (Ikeda et al., 1998; Matsubara et al., 2003; Miyabe et al., 2002); foU/A, (Liu et al., 2003; Miyabe et al., 2002); 8-oxG, (Asagoshi et al., 2000; Laval et al., 1998); oxidized 8-oxG bases Sp, Gh, Oa, Oz, Ca, (Dherin et al., 2004; Hailer et al., 2005); FapyA/T, (Hazra et al., 2002a; Rosenquist et al., 2003); FapyG/C; (Asagoshi et al., 2000; Hazra et al., 2002a; Ide, 2001); TpG/GpC, (Krokan et al., 2002; Sousa et al., 2007); TG in bubbles, (Englander and Ma, 2006; Hazra and Mitra, 2006); 5oU in bubble DNA, (Englander and Ma, 2006; Hazra and Mitra, 2006; Matsubara et al., 2004); fluorU/A, (An et al., 2007); U/A post-replicative, (Nilsen et al., 2000; Parlanti et al., 2007); 8-oxG/A and G/A post replicative, (Ide and Kotera, 2004; McGoldrick et al., 1995).