Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HRs) for sickness absence due to low back pain (n = 845)
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for the final model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Age (for 10 years increment) | 1.03 | 0.85–1.25 | 1.06a | 0.87–1.29 |
| Seen by a physician due to LBP problem during the last 12 months | 5.34 | 3.73–7.66 | 2.41a | 1.45–4.01 |
| Absence due to a health problem during the last 12 months | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | |
| Any other than low back pain | 3.15 | 1.74–5.71 | 3.07a | 1.66–5.68 |
| Any, including low back pain | 12.46 | 6.93–22.39 | 6.52a | 3.16–13.46 |
| Educational level | ||||
| Higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Technical/Basic | 2.54 | 1.24–5.20 | 2.46a | 1.19–5.07 |
| Night shift | 0.26 | 0.06–1.05 | 0.24a | 0.06–0.99 |
| Family situation | ||||
| Living with relatives/friends | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Living alone | 1.47 | 0.95–2.29 | 1.79a | 1.15–2.80 |
| Supervising duties | 0.63 | 0.42–0.95 | 0.68 | 0.44–1.03 |
| High perceived exertion | 1.30 | 0.90–1.86 | 0.85 | 0.58–1.24 |
| Manual materials handling | 1.55 | 1.00–2.40 | 1.06 | 0.67–1.68 |
| Strenuous awkward postures | 1.45 | 0.99–2.12 | 1.00 | 0.68–1.48 |
| High job demands | 1.31 | 0.90–1.91 | 1.34 | 0.91–1.96 |
| High need for recovery | 1.66 | 1.13–2.45 | 1.31 | 0.88–1.95 |
| Moderate perceived general health (non musculoskeletal comorbidity) | 1.50 | 1.04–2.18 | 1.14 | 0.78–1.66 |
| Low back pain in past 12 months | 3.01 | 2.08–4.35 | 0.78 | 0.40–1.53 |
| Herniated disc history | 1.84 | 1.11–3.05 | 0.99 | 0.58–1.67 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Hand/wrist pain | 1.20 | 0.49–2.97 | 0.58 | 0.23–1.45 |
| Shoulder/neck pain | 2.85 | 1.77–4.60 | 1.21 | 0.72–2.04 |
| Hand/wrist and shoulder/neck pain | 1.96 | 0.99–3.91 | 0.98 | 0.48–1.99 |
aCovariates of the final model