Table 1.

Ten neuroprotective effects of curcumin.

LIMITS	MECHANISM
Pro-inflammatory cytokine induction	Inhibition of AP-1, NF-κB, HAT, HDAC stimulation?
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)	Scavenger, metal/Fe chelator, induces AO defense enzymes
Aβ production	Suppresses cholesterol, BACE1 induction
Amyloid aggregates	Congo red mimetic/aggregate inhibitor
Misfolded protein accumulation	Potentiates HSPS
Neurotoxicity	JNK pathway
Excitotoxicity	COX-2 induction via AP-1, NF-κB
Toxicity	Phase II inducer, HO-1
Particulate toxins	Increases phagocyte clearance
Neuron loss	Stimulates neurogenesis

Note: References are reviewed in the text.