Table 4.

Clinical studies of circulating inflammatory markers

Subjects	Major findings	References
TNFα
Nondiabetic offsprings of T2DM patients	Not major contributing factor for obesity induced IR	Kellerer et al., (1996) 97
Adult males	Elevated in patients with T2DM	Pfeiffer et al., (1997) 96
Obese patients with T2DM	Correlation with the visceral fat area	Katsuki et al., (1998) 191
T2DM subjects	Elevated in T2DM as compared to control	Winkler et al., (1998) 192
Aged men	Correlation with BMI	Nilsson et al., (1998) 193
Canadian population	Positive correlation with IR	Zinman et al., (1999) 194
Obese subjects	Elevated in obese subjects than in controls	Corica et al., (1999) 195
Normotensive obese patients	Elevated in patients with android obesity than gynoid obesity	Winkler et al., (1999) 196
Obese subjects	No relationship with BMI	Kern et al., (2001) 98
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Ziccardi et al., (2002) 197
Nondiabetic obese women	Associated with fat amount	Maachi et al., (2004) 198
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Marfella et al., (2004) 199
IL-6
White nondiabetic subjects	Correlation with BMI	Yudkin et al., (1999) 100
Healthy middle-aged women	Associated with BMI	Hak et al., (1999) 200
Obese nondiabetic women	Reduced after weight loss	Bastard et al., (2000) 103
Obese subjects	Correlation with obesity and IR	Kern et al., (2001) 98
Pima Indians	Correlation with IR	Vozarova et al., (2001) 102
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Ziccardi et al., (2002) 197
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Esposito et al., (2003) 104
Obese patients	Reduced after weight loss	Kopp et al., (2003) 105
Obese subjects	Reduced after weight loss	Monzillo et al., (2003) 182
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Giugliano et al., (2004) 106
Nondiabetic offspring of patients with T2DM	Not associated with the components of MS	Salmenniemi et al., (2004) 110
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Marfella et al., (2004) 199
Japanese men	Not associated with the components of MS	Matsushita et al., (2006) 111
T2DM subjects	Associated with IR	Natali et al., (2006) 201
Adolescents	Positive correlation with BMI	Herder et al., (2007) 135
CRP
White nondiabetic subjects	Positive correlation with BMI	Yudkin et al., (1999) 100
Healthy middle-aged women	Associated with BMI	Hak et al., (1999) 200
Young adults	Elevated in obese person	Visser et al., (1999) 202
Adult men	Correlation with body fat mass	Lemieux et al., (2001) 115
Obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Heilbronn et al., (2001) 117
Middle-aged men	Predictor of T2DM development	Freeman et al., (2002) 116
Obese postmenopausal women	Reduced after weight loss	Tchernof et al., (2002) 118
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Ziccardi et al., (2002) 197
Healthy obese women	Correlation with IR independent of obesity	McLaughlin et al., (2002) 203
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Esposito et al., (2003) 104
Healthy American women	Prognostic marker to the MS	Ridker et al., (2003) 114
Premenopausal obese women	Obesity is the major determinant of elevated CRP levels	Escobar-Morreale et al., (2003) 204
Premenopausal obese women	Reduced after weight loss	Marfella et al., (2004) 199
Obese subjects	Correlation with serum TNFα levels	Shadid et al., (2006) 86
T2DM subjects	Associated with IR	Natali et al., (2006) 201
Overweight women	Reduced after weight loss	Moran et al., (2007) 205