Figure 2. Different pathogens and pathogenic ligands induce TNF-α production in skin and vaginal biopsies.

Skin or vagina epithelial biopsies were treated with Candida albicans, Neisseria gonorrhea (A and B), Pam3CSK4, LTA, LPS, or flagellin (C). After 24 hours, the supernatant was collected, and TNF-α production was measured by ELISA. Error bars represent the mean ± SD of duplicates. For each panel, the different donors were measured in 2 independent experiments.