TABLE 3.
Adjusteda odds of developing preeclampsia or gestational hypertension by maternal first-trimester diet
| Preeclampsia vs. normal |
Gestational hypertension vs. normal |
|
|---|---|---|
| Maternal first-trimester diet: Daily intake |
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | |
| Calcium (per 300 mg)b | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) |
| Vitamin D (per 100 IU)b | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 1.11 (1.01–1.21) |
| Milk intake (per serving) | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) | 0.93 (0.76–1.12) |
| DHA + EPA (per 100 mg) | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) |
| ALA (per g) | 1.35 (0.66–2.74) | 1.14 (0.68–1.92) |
| Total n−3 fatty acids (per g) | 1.01 (0.55–1.85) | 1.13 (0.79–1.61) |
| Fish (per weekly serving) | 0.91 (0.75–1.09) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) |
| AA (per 100 mg) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) |
| LA (per g) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) |
| Total n−6 fatty acids (per g) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) |
| Trans fatty acids (per g) | 0.90 (0.62–1.32) | 1.00 (0.76–1.33) |
| n−3:n−6 ratio | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) |
| DHA + EPA:AA ratio | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) | 0.99 (0.93–1.07) |
| Vitamin C (per 100 mg)b | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) | 1.07 (1.02–1.11) |
| Vitamin E (per 100 mg)b | 1.04 (0.63–1.72) | 1.28 (1.01–1.60) |
| Magnesium (per 100 mg)b | 0.81 (0.53–1.25) | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) |
| Folate (per 100 mcg)b | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) |
a
Estimates are adjusted for maternal age (<20, 20−<40, 40+ years), prepregnancy body mass index (continuous), first-trimester systolic blood pressure (continuous), race/ethnicity (black, Hispanic, white, other), education (college graduate, < college graduate), and parity (0, 1+). Nutrients are adjusted for total energy intake. Each row represents results from a separate model.
b
Intake from foods + supplements.