Percent viability of C8-2′-deoxyguanosine adducts of AP, AF, and AAF. The control (dG) and adducted (C8-AP-dG, C8-AF-dG, or C8-AAF-dG) 11-mers were ligated to a gapped pMS2 plasmid and the scaffold was removed by enzymatic digestion. Single-stranded control or adducted pMS2 DNA construct (50 ng) was transfected into COS-7 cells. Progeny plasmid was isolated after 2 days and used to transform E. coli DH10B for ampicillin resistance. Percent viability was determined as the % transformants, which contained the oligonucleotide insert as determined by hybridization with the left and right probes, relative to the number of transformants arising from the control construct. The result shown here was derived from three separate experiments that employed independently constructed plasmids.