Table 3.
Bivariate Biopsychosociospiritual Inventory Differences In Outcomes (Mean Scores)
| Outcomes, n | Physical Symptoms | Psychological Symptoms | Social Symptoms | Spiritual Symptoms | Impaired Functional Status |
| Any utilization | |||||
| Any emergency use | |||||
| No, n = 221 | 1.02 (0.93)a,b | 1.58 (1.30)c | 1.61 (1.34) | 1.48 (1.35)c | 1.48 (1.44)a,b |
| Yes, n = 76 | 1.53 (1.03) | 2.05 (1.39) | 1.85 (1.49) | 1.90 (1.49) | 2.18 (1.56) |
| Any specialist use | |||||
| No, n = 227 | 0.99 (0.90)a,b | 1.56 (1.27)d | 1.71 (1.36) | 1.51 (1.37)c | 1.46 (1.42)a,b |
| Yes, n = 77 | 1.74 (1.14) | 2.18 (1.49) | 1.69 (1.51) | 1.94 (1.52) | 2.40 (1.65) |
| Any mental health use | |||||
| No, n = 265 | 1.06 (0.93)a,b | 1.51 (1.25)a,b | 1.56 (1.35)a,b | 1.39 (1.29)a,b | 1.46 (1.38)a,b |
| Yes, n = 49 | 1.79 (1.18) | 3.07 (1.18) | 2.49 (1.37) | 3.03 (1.31) | 3.10 (1.60) |
| Any hospitalization | |||||
| No, n = 241 | 1.08 (0.99)c | 1.69 (1.32) | 1.68 (1.37) | 1.59 (1.41) | 1.57 (1.50)d |
| Yes, n = 87 | 1.40 (1.03) | 1.79 (1.38) | 1.80 (1.44) | 1.83 (1.42) | 2.20 (1.56) |
| Extreme utilization | |||||
| Frequent primary care use | |||||
| ≤ 4 Visits, n = 260 | 1.01 (0.91)a,b | 1.63 (1.29)a,b | 1.66 (1.36) | 1.55 (1.40)e | 1.51 (1.43)a,b |
| >4 Visits, n = 28 | 2.10 (1.07) | 2.58 (1.65) | 2.03 (1.51) | 2.29 (1.41) | 3.04 (1.53) |
| Frequent ambulatory use | |||||
| ≤ 8 Visits, n = 252 | 1.02 (0.91)a,b | 1.58 (1.29)a,b | 1.64 (1.37) | 1.50 (1.36)d | 1.45 (1.36)a,b |
| >8 Visits, n = 27 | 1.86 (1.05) | 2.70 (1.46) | 2.00 (1.51) | 2.32 (1.54) | 3.35 (1.67) |
| Polypharmacy | |||||
| ≤ 5 Medications, n = 307 | 1.08 (0.96)a,b | 1.67 (1.32)a,b | 1.67 (1.38)e | 1.61 (1.43)e | 1.56 (1.47)a,b |
| >5 Medications, n = 37 | 2.17 (1.12) | 2.75 (1.31) | 2.31 (1.24) | 2.29 (1.41) | 3.09 (1.46) |
| Satisfaction | |||||
| Fair-poor health status | |||||
| No, n = 180 | 0.74 (0.72)a,b | 1.16 (1.08)a,b | 1.29 (1.24)a,b | 1.05 (1.11)a,b | 1.04 (1.21)a,b |
| Yes, n = 159 | 1.80 (1.08) | 2.43 (1.30) | 2.23 (1.39) | 2.39 (1.41) | 2.61 (1.47) |
| Positive quality-of-life | |||||
| No, n = 54 | 1.92 (1.06)a,b | 3.03 (1.22)a,b | 2.55 (1.38)a,b | 3.10 (1.22)a,b | 3.21 (1.45)a,b |
| Yes, n = 228 | 1.01 (0.89) | 1.40 (1.18) | 1.52 (1.29) | 1.29 (1.23) | 1.38 (1.34) |
| Life lacking meaning | |||||
| Never, n = 149 | 0.90 (0.93)a,b | 1.25 (1.24)a,b | 1.35 (1.28)a,b | 1.02 (1.25)a,b | 1.16 (1.32)a,b |
| At least sometimes, n = 183 | 1.39 (1.02) | 2.17 (1.28) | 2.04 (1.40) | 2.24 (1.34) | 2.22 (1.55) |
Note: analyses determined by t tests.
aP ≤.001.
bP ≤.05 by Bonferroni correction.
cP ≤.05.
dP ≤.005.
eP ≤.01.