Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted estimated^a predictive association linking an early risk-taking trait with later drug use: Estimates for the relative risk estimates of youth risk taking and the risk^b of becoming an illegal drug user and/or legal drug user by young adulthood among youths from an urban public school system, Mid-Atlantic region, United States: 1985–2002^c

	Cocaine			Cannabis			Tobacco			Alcohol
Modeld	RR	95% CI	p-value	RR	95% CI	p-value	RR	95% CI	p-value	RR	95% CI	p-value
Unadjusted	2.4	1.7, 3.4	< 0.001	1.9	1.6, 2.2	< 0.001	1.5	1.3, 1.7	< 0.001	1.4	1.0, 2.0	0.07
Adjusteda	1.9	1.3, 2.7	< 0.001	1.5	1.3, 1.8	< 0.001	1.2	0.9, 1.4	0.09	1.2	0.8, 1.9	0.36

^aEstimates are adjusted for sex, race, disadvantaged minority status, socioeconomic status, age, and teachers’ ratings of childhood misbehavior.

^bThese relative risk estimates convey the magnitude of increased risk of drug use onset in association with each is for every increase of one standard deviation increase in the childhood risk-taking scale score value above the mean of the standardized risk taking scale.

^cData were obtained from 1,692. See footnote in Table 1.

^dThese multivariate model estimates of relative risk are from the generalized linear model (logit link) with a generalized estimating equations approach to address interdependencies of the four binary responses (cumulative occurrence of drug-taking by young adulthood).