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1D water wires in nanopores. (A) Chain configuration with a D-defect and an L-defect. Shown is the corresponding lattice model in the dipole representation (B) and the charge representation (C). In the charge representation, the dipoles are replaced by effective charges, indicated by circles, at the end points of the ordered-chain segments. D-defects and L-defects are located between two positive and two negative charges, respectively.
