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Effect of manipulating adult density for 1 month in the field on sperm traits of S. plicata (high adult density shown in dark bars; low adult density shown in white bars). Bars show the mean (± SE) sperm size (measured as sperm head length) (a), motility (measured as the percentage of sperm showing a swimming motion) (b), and longevity (measured as the average time for fertilization to drop below 50% of the maximum) (c).
