Table 2.
Adjusted estimates (95% confidence intervals) for FEV1 percent predicted, FVC percent predicted, and FEV1/FVC ratio from the main effects models of urinary cadmium a.
| Characteristic | FEV1 (% predicted) | FVC (% predicted) | FEV1/FVC ratio (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 142.2 (105.7 to 178.6) | 107.6 (79.28 to 136.0) | 130.0 (67.50 to 192.6) |
| Baseline age (years) | — | — | −0.03 (−0.33 to 0.26) |
| Baseline height (cm) | — | — | −0.14 (−0.45 to 0.16) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Former (0–30 pack-years) | 3.63 (−4.77 to 12.04) | 2.01 (−4.49 to 8.52) | 1.54 (−3.30 to 6.39) |
| Former (> 30 pack-years) | −6.83 (−16.58 to 2.92) | −5.33 (−13.03 to 2.37) | −1.30 (−7.03 to 4.42) |
| Current | −10.70 (−21.40 to 0.00) | −7.00 (−16.07 to 2.06) | −3.17 (−9.64 to 3.31) |
| Time elapsed from the baseline (years) | 1.00 (−1.90 to 3.90) | −0.12 (−3.74 to 3.51) | 0.94 (−1.29 to 3.17) |
| Smoking × time | |||
| Never | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Former (0–30 pack-years) | 0.49 (−0.19 to 1.17) | 0.29 (−0.56 to 1.14) | 0.06 (−0.46 to 0.58) |
| Former (> 30 pack-years) | −0.55 (−1.46 to 0.36) | 0.15 (−0.98 to 1.28) | −0.47 (−1.16 to 0.23) |
| Current | −0.32 (−1.76 to 1.11) | 1.15 (−0.62 to 2.92) | −1.07 (−2.16 to 0.03) |
| LogU-Cd (ng) | −7.56 (−13.59 to −1.53) | −2.70 (−7.39 to 1.99) | −4.13 (−7.61 to −0.66) |
| LogU-Cd × time | −0.19 (−0.67 to 0.29) | −0.10 (−0.70 to 0.50) | −0.11 (−0.47 to 0.26) |
a
Sample size = 96 subjects, 222 pulmonary function observations, with a maximum of 3 pulmonary function observations per subject.