Table 2.
Regions of significant cerebral activation associated with rule-selection (vs. rule-specification) and action-selection (vs. action specification)
| Rule-selection (experiment 1) | Rule-selection (experiment 2) | Action-selection (experiment 1) | Action-selection (experiment 3) | |||||
| t | x, y, z (mm) | t | x, y, z (mm) | t | x, y, z (mm) | T | x, y, z (mm) | |
| Regions activated in association with rule-selection and action-selection | ||||||||
| Rostral PFv (47) y > 40 | 5.21 | −34 52 −6 | 4.6* | −30 48 −6 | 4.57 | −42 50 −6 | 5.10 | −36 52 −2 |
| 4.96 | −48 44 −8 | 4.25* | −34 52 −4 | 3.84 | −36 54 −2 | 6.61 | 36 52 16 | |
| 5.32 | 36 44 −12 | 4.47* | −40 46 10 | — | — | 4.14 | 34 48 −2 | |
| 4.64 | 44 50 −8 | — | — | — | — | 3.8 | 40 50 −8 | |
| 3.89 | 16 58 −4 | — | — | |||||
| Rostral PFd (10/46), y > 40 | — | — | 4.08* | −26 50 30 | — | — | 9.92 | −32 44 22 |
| — | — | 3.76* | 22 46 28 | — | — | |||
| Mid PFd (9/46),18 < y < 40 | 4.64 | 44 34 34 | 4.39* | −40 20 34 | 5.26 | −46 20 30 | 15.2 | −40 36 30 |
| 3.96 | −46 18 36 | — | — | 4.02 | 50 28 35 | 7.42 | 42 40 32 | |
| Caudal PFd (8, 9), y < 18 | 5.70 | 38 16 48 | 3.76* | 26 16 58 | 4.91 | 32 6 50 | 7.44 | 18 14 58 |
| 3.72 | −36 6 46 | — | — | 4.82 | −54 8 36 | 3.82 | 40 8 54 | |
| 4.49 | −32 4 58 | |||||||
| Caudal PFv (45) | 3.60 | −52 26 26 | — | — | — | — | 4.77 | 42 22 24 |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.18 | 44 38 −8 | |
| Caudal PFv (44) | 4.37 | −50 20 6 | 4.70 | −52 16 10 | 4.09 | −34 16 −9 | 4.89 | 52 16 −6 |
| 3.62 | −54 18 16 | — | — | 4.02 | −58 14 23 | — | — | |
| Medial frontal cortex | 4.08 | −6 22 50 | 4.79* | −8 16 50 | 4.34 | −2 24 48 | 8.38 | −8 20 44 |
| 4.67 | 2 36 34 | 4.35* | −6 24 40 | 4.05 | −6 28 42 | 6.13 | 2 26 40 | |
| 4.58 | −8 36 30 | — | — | 3.89 | 12 16 63 | 5.74 | −4 36 40 | |
| Parietal SMG | 6.42 | −46 −58 48 | 3.97 | −38 −56 44 | 5.93 | −36 −52 48 | 12.79 | 54 −44 50 |
| 5.60 | −50 −54 40 | — | — | 5.65 | −40 −44 42 | 8.71 | −56 −40 42 | |
| 6.37 | 52 −58 46 | — | — | 5.61 | −28 −64 52 | 4.47 | −44 −58 54 | |
| 5.76 | 44 −64 50 | — | — | 4.56 | 42 −46 48 | — | — | |
| Parietal IPS | — | — | 6.49 | −40 −48 36 | 5.2 | 36 −54 52 | — | — |
| — | — | 3.96 | −36 −58 46 | 5.8 | 26 −68 58 | — | — | |
| Regions activated only in association with rule-selection | ||||||||
| Middle temporal gyrus | 4.76 | −56 −36 −14 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 4.74 | −62 −36 −6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 4.58 | 64 −30 −10 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 4.08 | 58 −30 −16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 4.01 | 56 −8 −28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Inferior temporal gyrus | 4.49 | 66 −16 −20 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Medial parietal cortex | 3.58 | −2 −64 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Note: FPC = frontopolar cortex. PFd = dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex. PFv = ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex (suggested Brodmann areas in brackets). Values are significant at FDR P < 0.05 for experiments 1 and 3. For experiment 2, clusters are shown at threshold P < 0.001 uncorrected with an asterisk indicating corrected significant P < 0.05 within the ROI. This ROI included the prefrontal cortex bilaterally (areas 8, 9, 23, 32, 46, 47, 10).