Increased gastric urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, but not PAI-3, expression in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). A: real-time PCR normalized to 18S shows elevated uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 mRNA expression in the gastric corpus in patients with H. pylori (H. p.) infection compared with uninfected individuals (n = 13–14, *P < 0.05, ANOVA). B: there was no increase in the antrum in uPA, uPAR, or PAI-1 mRNA abundance in patients with H. pylori infection compared with controls (n = 11–20). C: representative examples of low uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 staining of serial sections of gastric corpus from an uninfected patient compared with a patient infected with H. pylori (D); control section: first antibody omitted. Black arrows, staining of epithelial cells; yellow arrows, stromal cells.