Inhibitory effect of emodin on the yield of HSV-1 progenies by IHC. (a) Dose response. Vero cells were cultured on glass coverslips, infected with 30 PFU of HSV-1 for 2 h, and treated without or with various amounts of emodin. After a 16-h infection period, cells were fixed and stained with anti-HSV-1 nucleocapsid protein antibody and FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. Results were evaluated under a confocal microscope. (b) Time course of the response. Vero cells were cultured on glass coverslips, infected with 30 PFU of HSV-1 for 2 h, and treated without (top panel) or with 100 μM of emodin (bottom panel). Cells were fixed at indicated periods and then stained with anti-HSV-1 nucleocapsid protein antibody and FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. Scale bar=8 μm. FITC, fluorescein; HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1; IHC, immunohistochemical staining.