Table 2.

Changes in TMS-Derived Neurophysiological Measurements in Disorders of Childhood

	MT	CMCT	MEP Latency	MEP Amp	SP	ICI	ICF
Neurologic Disorders
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Nezu et al (1996)66		↔	↔
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia
Lanzillo et al (1994)74		↔		↓
Childhood onset altering hemiplegia
Nezu et al (1997)93			↑	↓
Childhood onset hereditary extrapyramidal disease
Muller et al (1992)82		↔	↔
Congenital mirror movements
Cincotta et al (1996)95					↓
Maegaki et al (2002)90			↑
Reitz et al (1998)94			↑
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Di Lazzaro et al (1998)116	↑	↔
Early onset non-Friedreich’s ataxia
Mondelli et al (1995)75		↑/↔
Early onset recessive ataxia
Lanzillo et al (1994)74		↑		↓
Familial childhood primary lateral sclerosis
Gascon et al (1995)81		↔	≠	≠
Friedreich’s ataxia
Claus et al (1988)71		↑
Cruz Martinez et al (1992)72	↑	↑		↓
Cruz Martinez et al (1997)73	↑	↑		↓
Lanzillo et al (1994)74		↑		↓
Mondelli et al (1995)75		↑		↓
Santoro et al (2000)76		↑
Schwenkreis et al (2002)77	↔	↑			↔
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy I & II without associated pyramidal features
Claus et al (1990)78		↔
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy I with associated pyramidal features
Claus et al (1990)78		↑
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy II with associated pyramidal features
Claus et al (1990)78		↑/↔
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Claus et al (1990)78		↔
Hirayama disease
Shizukawa et al (1994)85		↑
Infantile onset Pelizaeus-Merzbacher
Nezu et al (1996,1998)80,87			≠	≠
Multiple sclerosis
Dan et al (2000)67		↓	↑
Rett syndrome
Eyre et al (1990)96	↓		↓
Heinen and Korinthenberg (1996)97		↓
Heinen et al (1997)98		↓
Nezu et al (1998)99		↓	↓	↔
Spasticity
Dachy and Dan (2002)88	↑
Spinal muscular atrophy type II
Imai et al (1995)83		↔		↓
Transverse myelitis
Noguchi et al (2000)68			↑	↓
Wilson’s disease
Meyer et al (1991)86		↑		↓
Epilepsy
Benign rolandic epilepsy
Manganotti and Zanette (2000)109				↑
Nezu et al (1997)102	↑	↔		↔
Generalized epilepsy
Brodtmann et al (1999)112							↑
Ertas et al (2000)115					↑
Macdonell et al (2001) 113	↔				↑
Tataroglu et al (2004)106					↑
Myoclonic epilepsy
Manganotti et al (2001)110						↓
Reutens et al (1993)105	↑	↔		↔
Valzania et al (1999)111	↔	↔	↔			↓	↑
Partial epilepsy
Cincotta et al (1998)114					↑/↔
Cantello et al (2000)104	↑				↔	↓	↑
Ertas et al (2000)115					↑
Inghilleri et al (1998)107	↑				↓	↓
Michelucci et al (1996)103	↑	↔	↔	↔
Shimizu et al (2001)108			↑	↑
Tataroglu et al (2004)106	↑				↑
Psychiatric Disorders
Attention-deficit/hyperactiviy disorder
Garvey et al (2005)124	↔				↓
Moll et al (2000)120	↔				↔	↓,↑a	↔
Moll et al (2001)118	↔					↓,↑a	↔
Ucles et al (1996)91			R>L
Ucles et al (2000)92		↑
Attention-deficit/hyperactiviy disorder and Tourette syndrome/tics
Moll et al (2001)119	↔				↓	↓
Moll et al (2001)118					↓	↓
Tourette syndrome/tics
Moll et al (2001)118	↔				↓	↔	↔
Moll et al (1999)123	↔				↓	↔	↔
Ziemann et al (1997)121	↔				↓b	↓b
Medical disorders
Insulin-dependent diabetes
D’Annunzio et al (1995)84		↑			↓
Malnutrition
Karak et al (1999)100	↑	↑		↓
Tamer et al (1997)101	↑	↑
Phenylketonuria
Roricht et al (1999)117	↑			↓	↓
Scoliosis
Tabaraud et al (1993)89			↔

NOTE: MT = motor threshold; CMCT = central motor conduction time; MEP = motor evoked potential; SP = silent period; ICI = intracortical inhibition; ICF = intracortical facilitation.

Symbols: ↔ no difference in the parameter value between normal and clinical group; ↑ a higher parameter value in the clinical group as compared to normal group; ↓ a lower parameter value in the clinical group as compared to normal group; ≠ the parameter could not be detected in the clinical group.

^aEffect when treated with 10 mg methylphenidate.

^bEffect greater in participants with active tics and those not taking neuroleptic medication.