Abstract
Although actively transcribed and present as multiple genomic copies, a distinct class of endogenous murine leukemia virus-related sequence does not give rise to infectious virus. Since the long terminal repeat at the 3' terminus provides the transcriptional start site after reintegration, we determined the structure and potential promoter activity of that sequence obtained from cDNA of endogenous retroviral transcripts. These studies demonstrate that the distinctive 3' long terminal repeat sequence of these transcripts could serve as an effective promoter of transcription and, therefore, may not be the primary defect in the infectious cycle of retroviral replication but may result in the propagation of these endogenous retroviral sequences in the genome as retrotransposons.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Adachi A., Sakai K., Kitamura N., Nakanishi S., Niwa O., Matsuyama M., Ishimoto A. Characterization of the env gene and long terminal repeat of molecularly cloned Friend mink cell focus-inducing virus DNA. J Virol. 1984 Jun;50(3):813–821. doi: 10.1128/jvi.50.3.813-821.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Amanuma H., Katori A., Obata M., Sagata N., Ikawa Y. Complete nucleotide sequence of the gene for the specific glycoprotein (gp55) of Friend spleen focus-forming virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jul;80(13):3913–3917. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.13.3913. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baltimore D. Retroviruses and retrotransposons: the role of reverse transcription in shaping the eukaryotic genome. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):481–482. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90190-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bestwick R. K., Boswell B. A., Kabat D. Molecular cloning of biologically active Rauscher spleen focus-forming virus and the sequences of its env gene and long terminal repeat. J Virol. 1984 Sep;51(3):695–705. doi: 10.1128/jvi.51.3.695-705.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boeke J. D., Garfinkel D. J., Styles C. A., Fink G. R. Ty elements transpose through an RNA intermediate. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):491–500. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90197-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bosselman R. A., van Straaten F., Van Beveren C., Verma I. M., Vogt M. Analysis of the env gene of a molecularly cloned and biologically active Moloney mink cell focus-forming proviral DNA. J Virol. 1982 Oct;44(1):19–31. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.1.19-31.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carter A. T., Norton J. D., Gibson Y., Avery R. J. Expression and transmission of a rodent retrovirus-like (VL30) gene family. J Mol Biol. 1986 Mar 5;188(1):105–108. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90485-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chan H. W., Bryan T., Moore J. L., Staal S. P., Rowe W. P., Martin M. A. Identification of ecotropic proviral sequences in inbred mouse strains with a cloned subgenomic DNA fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Oct;77(10):5779–5783. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chattopadhyay S. K., Lander M. R., Rands E., Lowy D. R. Structure of endogenous murine leukemia virus DNA in mouse genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Oct;77(10):5774–5778. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5774. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen H. R., Barker W. C. Nucleotide sequences of the retroviral long terminal repeats and their adjacent regions. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Feb 24;12(4):1767–1778. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.4.1767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clark S. P., Mak T. W. Complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of Friend spleen focus-forming provirus: gp55 is an envelope fusion glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(16):5037–5041. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.16.5037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Colicelli J., Goff S. P. Isolation of a recombinant murine leukemia virus utilizing a new primer tRNA. J Virol. 1986 Jan;57(1):37–45. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.1.37-45.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilboa E., Mitra S. W., Goff S., Baltimore D. A detailed model of reverse transcription and tests of crucial aspects. Cell. 1979 Sep;18(1):93–100. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90357-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Graham F. L., van der Eb A. J. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology. 1973 Apr;52(2):456–467. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90341-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hawley R. G., Shulman M. J., Murialdo H., Gibson D. M., Hozumi N. Mutant immunoglobulin genes have repetitive DNA elements inserted into their intervening sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(23):7425–7429. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7425. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herr W. Nucleotide sequence of AKV murine leukemia virus. J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):471–478. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.471-478.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoggan M. D., Buckler C. E., Sears J. F., Chan H. W., Rowe W. P., Martin M. A. Internal organization of endogenous proviral DNAs of xenotropic murine leukemia viruses. J Virol. 1982 Jul;43(1):8–17. doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.1.8-17.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Holland C. A., Wozney J., Hopkins N. Nucleotide sequence of the gp70 gene of murine retrovirus MCF 247. J Virol. 1983 Sep;47(3):413–420. doi: 10.1128/jvi.47.3.413-420.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jongstra J., Moroni C. Lipopolysaccharide induces retroviral antigen expression in 129/J mouse lymphocytes: evidence for assembly of a defective viral particle. J Virol. 1981 Mar;37(3):1044–1050. doi: 10.1128/jvi.37.3.1044-1050.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kelly M., Holland C. A., Lung M. L., Chattopadhyay S. K., Lowy D. R., Hopkins N. H. Nucleotide sequence of the 3' end of MCF 247 murine leukemia virus. J Virol. 1983 Jan;45(1):291–298. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.291-298.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Khan A. S., Martin M. A. Endogenous murine leukemia proviral long terminal repeats contain a unique 190-base-pair insert. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2699–2703. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Khan A. S. Nucleotide sequence analysis establishes the role of endogenous murine leukemia virus DNA segments in formation of recombinant mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses. J Virol. 1984 Jun;50(3):864–871. doi: 10.1128/jvi.50.3.864-871.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Khan A. S., Rowe W. P., Martin M. A. Cloning of endogenous murine leukemia virus-related sequences from chromosomal DNA of BALB/c and AKR/J mice: identification of an env progenitor of AKR-247 mink cell focus-forming proviral DNA. J Virol. 1982 Nov;44(2):625–636. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.2.625-636.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koch W., Zimmermann W., Oliff A., Friedrich R. Molecular analysis of the envelope gene and long terminal repeat of Friend mink cell focus-inducing virus: implications for the functions of these sequences. J Virol. 1984 Mar;49(3):828–840. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.3.828-840.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Köhrer K., Grummt I., Horak I. Functional RNA polymerase II promoters in solitary retroviral long terminal repeats (LTR-IS elements). Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2631–2645. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.7.2631. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levy D. E., Lerner R. A., Wilson M. C. Normal expression of polymorphic endogenous retroviral RNA containing segments identical to mink cell focus-forming virus. J Virol. 1985 Dec;56(3):691–700. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.3.691-700.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levy D. E., Lerner R. A., Wilson M. C. The Gv-1 locus coordinately regulates the expression of multiple endogenous murine retroviruses. Cell. 1985 May;41(1):289–299. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90082-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Linney E., Davis B., Overhauser J., Chao E., Fan H. Non-function of a Moloney murine leukaemia virus regulatory sequence in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. 1984 Mar 29-Apr 4Nature. 308(5958):470–472. doi: 10.1038/308470a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Linney E., Donerly S. DNA fragments from F9 PyEC mutants increase expression of heterologous genes in transfected F9 cells. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(3 Pt 2):693–699. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90102-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lueders K. K., Kuff E. L. Sequences associated with intracisternal A particles are reiterated in the mouse genome. Cell. 1977 Dec;12(4):963–972. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90161-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mark G. E., Rapp U. R. Envelope gene sequence of two in vitro-generated mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses which contain the entire gp70 sequence of the endogenous nonecotropic parent. J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):530–539. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.530-539.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nikbakht K. N., Ou C. Y., Boone L. R., Glover P. L., Yang W. K. Nucleotide sequence analysis of endogenous murine leukemia virus-related proviral clones reveals primer-binding sites for glutamine tRNA. J Virol. 1985 Jun;54(3):889–893. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.3.889-893.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- O'Neill R. R., Buckler C. E., Theodore T. S., Martin M. A., Repaske R. Envelope and long terminal repeat sequences of a cloned infectious NZB xenotropic murine leukemia virus. J Virol. 1985 Jan;53(1):100–106. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.1.100-106.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- O'Neill R. R., Khan A. S., Hoggan M. D., Hartley J. W., Martin M. A., Repaske R. Specific hybridization probes demonstrate fewer xenotropic than mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia virus env-related sequences in DNAs from inbred laboratory mice. J Virol. 1986 May;58(2):359–366. doi: 10.1128/jvi.58.2.359-366.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ou C. Y., Boone L. R., Yang W. K. A novel sequence segment and other nucleotide structural features in the long terminal repeat of a BALB/c mouse genomic leukemia virus-related DNA clone. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Aug 25;11(16):5603–5620. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.16.5603. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Speers W. C., Gautsch J. W., Dixon F. J. Silent infection of murine embryonal carcinoma cells by Moloney murine leukemia virus. Virology. 1980 Aug;105(1):241–244. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90171-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sutcliffe J. G., Shinnick T. M., Verma I. M., Lerner R. A. Nucleotide sequence of Moloney leukemia virus: 3' end reveals details of replications, analogy to bacterial transposons, and an unexpected gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jun;77(6):3302–3306. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.6.3302. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Varmus H. E. Form and function of retroviral proviruses. Science. 1982 May 21;216(4548):812–820. doi: 10.1126/science.6177038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiher H., König M., Gruss P. Multiple point mutations affecting the simian virus 40 enhancer. Science. 1983 Feb 11;219(4585):626–631. doi: 10.1126/science.6297005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wirth T., Glöggler K., Baumruker T., Schmidt M., Horak I. Family of middle repetitive DNA sequences in the mouse genome with structural features of solitary retroviral long terminal repeats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(11):3327–3330. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.11.3327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wirth T., Schmidt M., Baumruker T., Horak I. Evidence for mobility of a new family of mouse middle repetitive DNA elements (LTR-IS). Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Apr 25;12(8):3603–3610. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.8.3603. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wolff L., Scolnick E., Ruscetti S. Envelope gene of the Friend spleen focus-forming virus: deletion and insertions in 3' gp70/p15E-encoding region have resulted in unique features in the primary structure of its protein product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(15):4718–4722. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.15.4718. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]