TABLE 1.

Plasma and hepatic lycopene isomer concentrations in rats fed diets with or without alcohol and lycopene for 11 wk^1–4

	Control		Alcohol		P of main effects
	Low Lyc	High Lyc	Low Lyc	High Lyc	Alcohol	Lyc	P of interaction
Plasma, nmol/L
Total lycopene	3.82 ± 0.67a	5.37 ± 0.61a	5.67 ± 0.66a	12.22 ± 1.36b	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0068
All-trans	1.75 ± 0.36a	2.27 ± 0.29a	3.12 ± 0.48a	6.45 ± 0.63b	<0.0001	0.0001	0.0038
All-trans, %	46	42	55	53
5-Cis	2.07 ± 0.33a	3.10 ± 0.34a	2.55 ± 0.28a	5.77 ± 0.79b	0.0022	<0.0001	0.0276
5-Cis, %	54	58	45	47
Liver, nmol/g
Total lycopene	1.07 ± 0.10a	2.84 ± 0.24b	1.87 ± 0.18a	7.30 ± 0.31c	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
All-trans	0.42 ± 0.05a	1.47 ± 0.16b	1.00 ± 0.10b	4.50 ± 0.21c	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
All-trans, %	39	52	54	62
5-Cis	0.34 ± 0.03a	0.90 ± 0.08b	0.51 ± 0.05a	1.98 ± 0.09c	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
9-Cis	0.15 ± 0.01a	0.23 ± 0.01b	0.15 ± 0.01a	0.34 ± 0.01c	0.0009	<0.0001	0.0016
13-Cis	0.16 ± 0.01a	0.25 ± 0.01b	0.20 ± 0.01a,b	0.46 ± 0.02c	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Cis isomers, %	61	49	46	38

¹Values are means ± SEM, n = 9–10. Means in a row without a common superscript differ, P < 0.05 (1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test for differences between means).

²Lycopene (Lyc) was not detected in placebo-fed rats with or without alcohol.

³P-values of main effects and the interaction were determined by 2-way ANOVA.

⁴One outlier from each of the alcohol + low Lyc and alcohol + high Lyc groups was excluded from final analyses.