FIG. 3.

Learning and multisensory integration modulate intra- and interareal connectivity. A: changes in spontaneous functional connectivity: representative cross-correlograms between pairs of neurons within amygdala (A1) and orbitofrontal cortex (A2) during different phases of the learning and reversal of a 2-odor go/no-go discrimination task. Cross-correlations can occur for some neurons on a fast (top row of each panel) timescale and for others can be slower (bottom row). Cross-correlation peaks are modulated upward or downward depending on the different phases of learning. B: multisensory integration between ecologically meaningful stimuli modulates the functional coupling between auditory cortex and superior temporal sulcus. Top panels: cross-spectogram between electrodes positioned in each of the 2 areas following the presentation of a stimulus representing the face of a monkey performing a call (left) or a monkey face plus the sound of the corresponding call (right). Bottom, left: cross-spectra for different frequencies for 300 ms after stimulus onset, showing that gamma power in these auditory regions is significantly higher with both face and voice than with voice or face alone (or for voice matched with a dynamic disc stimulus mimicking mouth opening). Right: the average normalized cross-spectra in the gamma band (55–95 Hz). A adapted from Schoenbaum et al. (2000); B adapted from Ghazanfar et al. (2008).