Table 1.

Baseline characteristics by case–control status

Variables at baseline examination (1991–1993)	Average lived phenotype (mean attained age 78.5 years) (n = 402)		Longevity phenotype (mean attained age 97.9 years)* (n = 213)		P†
	Mean ± SD	Min–Max	Mean ± SD	Min–Max
Biological, fasting values
Age at baseline exam, years	74.63 ± 2.05	71–79	85.62 ± 3.12	80–93	<.0001
Body mass index, kg/m2	23.4 ± 3.17	15.89–32.33	23.0 ± 2.91	15.4–31.1	0.1272
Waist/hip ratio	0.95 ± 0.06	0.78–1.15	0.93 ± 0.06	0.73–1.07	0.0008
Total cholesterol, mg/dl	187.96 ± 34.6	98–303	185.36 ± 32.16	95–304	0.3680
HDL, mg/dl	50.82 ± 14.17	21–129	51.29 ± 13.54	27–100	0.6911
Triglycerides, mg/dl	154.72 ± 118.72	46–1369	140.32 ± 82.23	38–649	0.1178
Log triglycerides‡	4.88 ± 0.51	3.83–7.22	4.81 ± 0.50	3.64–6.48	0.0965
Glucose, mg/dl	117.83 ± 35.9	69–323	108.98 ± 22.55	77–298	0.0012
Insulin, mIU/liter	25.54 ± 82.89	3.3–1164	13.8 ± 11.39	1.5–104	0.0421
Log Insulin‡	2.69 ± 0.74	1.19–7.06	2.44 ± 0.58	0.41–4.64	<0.0001
FOXO3A3 MAF (rs2802292)§	0.255	—	0.371	—	<0.0001
General Health Status
Self-rated ″poor″ health, %	41.92	—	31.07	—	0.0163
Disease prevalence
CHD, %	26.37	—	7.55	—	<0.0001
Stroke, %	7.46	—	3.3	—	0.0394
Cancer, %	20.15	—	13.68	—	0.0468
Diabetes, %	60.55	—	59.81	—	0.8587
Physical/cognitive function
Lower body (difficulty walking), %	30.59	—	16.83	—	0.0002
Upper body (grip strength), kg	29.85 ± 7.54	0–47	26.37 ± 5.53	8–45	<0.0001
Cognitive score (CASI)§	80.96 ± 19.48	0–100	78.54 ± 13.85	12–98	0.1088

*Cases (longevity phenotype) consisted of all HHP/HAAS participants with DNA samples (living and dead) who had reached the age of 95 years by Aug. 2007: Gp 1: Alive, n = 37, mean age 98.7, range 97–106 years; Gp 2: dead, n = 166, mean death age 97.5, range 95–106 y).

^†P value from Student's t test for continuous variables and χ² for categorical variables.

^‡Log transformation performed for variables not normally distributed.

^§MAF, minor allele frequency; CASI, cognitive abilities screening instrument.