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Photographs of an autopsy of fouled RO ESPA-2 spiral-wound M elements (Hydranautics ESPA). The feed side of the membrane element (A and B), the feed side of the fouled membrane (C), and the fouled plastic feed channel spacer (D) are shown. The surfaces of the membrane and spacer were completely covered with fouling layers. The fouling layer could be relatively easily scraped from the membrane surfaces (C).
