TABLE 2.
Attempts to generate novel products from simple carbon sources by engineered S. cerevisiaea
| Chemical | Use | Genetic modification(s) | Carbon source and essential cosubstrates | Yield or concnb | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-Hydroxycinnamic acid | Starting material for different applications (e.g., flavors, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics) | Rhodutorula glutinis phenylalanine ammonia lyase/tyrosine ammonia lyase, Helianthus tuberosus C4H cytochrome P-450 and P-450 reductase | 2% raffinose, 5% galactose (for promoter induction) | 202.6 μM | 366 |
| Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] | Biopolymer | Coexpression of Cupriavidus necator β-ketothiolase, poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] reductase and synthase | 1% d-glucose, 1% d-galactose (for promoter induction) | Roughly 9% of cell dry wt (avg) | 44 |
| Polyhydroxyalkanoates | Biopolymer | Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates, expression of Pseudomonas oleovorans mcl polymerase (phaC1); short-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates, targeting the Ralstonia eutropha scl synthase (phbC) to the peroxisome | 1% glycerol, 0.4% Tween 80, appropriate fatty acids | Up to 7% of cell dry wt | 401 |
| Naringenin, pinocembrin | Flavonoids/isoflavonoids (plant pigments, flavors; some are used as pharmaceuticals) | Expression of Rhodosporidium toruloides phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Arabidopsis thaliana 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), Hypericum androsaemum chalcone synthetase (CHS) | 2% d-galactose (for promoter induction) | 0.35 mg naringenin·(mg l-galactose)−1, 0.04 mg pinocembrin·(mg l-galactose)−1 | 144 |
| Nicotianamine | Metal chelator (antihypertensive effects) | Arabidopsis thaliana nicotinamide synthase (NAS) | 2% d-glucose | Roughly 800 μg·(g wet wt)−1 | 381 |
| Methylmalonyl-CoA | Polyketide precursor (various therapeutic applications) | (i) Expression of Streptomyces coelicolor PCC pathway; (ii) expression of Streptomyces coelicolor Mat pathway | (i) 2% d-glucose, propionate; (ii) 2% d-glucose, metylmalonate | Detectable amounts | 234 |
| S-Adenosylmethionine | Chemotherapeutic agent for various diseases | Deletion of S. cerevisiae C-24(28) sterol reductase (erg4Δ) | 5% d-glucose, 0.15% l-methionine | 16.3 mg·(g dry wt)−1 | 319 |
| Vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid)c | Vitamin | Overexpression of Arabidopsis thalianal-galactose dehydrogenase (LGDH), overexpression of S. cerevisiaed-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase (ALO1) | 250 mg/liter l-galactose | 0.4 mg of l-ascorbic acid·(mg l-galactose)−1 | 304 |
a
Attempts that are not discussed in the text.
b
As specified by the authors.
c
Resting rather than growing cells were used in this approach.