Table 1.

Levels at baseline in childhood and prevalence at last survey in adulthood of risk variables related to metabolic syndrome by adult diabetes status: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Variable	Normoglycemia	Pre-diabetes	Diabetes
n	1,838	90	60
At baseline
Age (years)*	10.8 ± 0.1	12.4 ± 0.4**	12.3 ± 0.5¶
Subscapular skinfold (mm)†	12.6 ± 0.2	14.2 ± 0.7	17.0 ± 1.1††‡‡
BMI (kg/m2)†	18.3 ± 0.1	19.5 ± 0.4	22.2 ± 0.8††‖‖
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)†	100.8 ± 0.3	105.0 ± 1.2	107.5 ± 1.7**
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)†	61.8 ± 0.2	64.5 ± 1.2	65.0 ± 1.3
MAP (mmHg)†	74.8 ± 0.2	78.0 ± 1.1	79.2 ± 1.3‖
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)†	2.27 ± 0.02	2.36 ± 0.07‖	2.32 ± 0.10
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)†	1.60 ± 0.01	1.62 ± 0.06	1.38 ± 0.06**§§
Triglycerides (mmol/l)†	0.73 ± 0.01	0.78 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.05††‡‡
Glucose (mmol/l)†	4.7 ± 0.01	5.0 ± 0.1**	5.1 ± 0.1††
Insulin (pmol/l)†	53.6 ± 1.6	76.7 ± 15.9	98.1 ± 17.4¶
HOMA-IR†	1.8 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.8**
At last survey
Obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m2	32.9‡	60.0††	75.0††
Hypertension: ≥140/90 or treatment	10.6	23.3**	38.3††
Dyslipidemia
HDL cholesterol <1.03 mmol/l	24.8	31.1	47.5††‡‡
LDL cholesterol ≥4.14 mmol/l	11.9	24.4**	18.6
Triglycerides ≥2.26 mmol/l	10.1	25.6††	32.2††
Hyperinsulinemia: >108 pmol/l	13.6	55.1††	51.7††
Metabolic syndrome§	14.1	68.9††	78.0††

Data are means ± SD or %.

^*P values were adjusted for race and sex.

^†P values were adjusted for age, race, and sex.

^‡Prevalence (%) at last survey.

^§Defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Different from normoglycemia:

^‖P < 0.05;

^¶P < 0.01;

^**P < 0.001;

^††P < 0.0001. Different from pre-diabetes:

^‡‡P < 0.05;

^§§P < 0.01;

^‖‖P < 0.0001.