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Biochemical dysfunction in HMEC-1 endothelial cells in hyperglycemic culture and reversal by sulforaphane in vitro. A and B: Cytosolic and membrane PKC activity, respectively. C: O-linked protein glycosylation of cell protein extracts. D: Effect on methylglyoxal concentrations: concentration in culture medium (▪) and cellular content (□). Data are means ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 with respect to N; ○○P < 0.01 and ○○○P < 0.001 with respect to H.
